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The properties of water in biological systems have been studied for well over a century by a wide range of physical techniques, but progress has been slow and erratic. Protein hydration-the perturbation of water structure and dynamics by the protein surface-has been a particularly rich source of controversy and confusion. Our aim here is to critically examine central concepts in the description of

The pulsed field gradient stimulated echo NMR technique is applied to the study of water diffusion in biological porous materials (a sheet of wood cellulose fibers and a packed bed of potato starch granules) consisting of randomly oriented domains with an anisotropic supermolecular organization. Expressions are presented for the probability distribution of apparent diffusion coefficients due to tw

The high number of /-expressing T cells found in the epithelial lining layer suggests that they form a first line of defence against invading pathogens. To evaluate the role of / T cell-receptor (TCR)-expressing cells in cutaneous infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus, mice lacking /-expressing T cells (TCR/) were inoculated intradermally with S. aureus, and compared with S. aureus-infected co

Protein D is an immunoglobulin D-binding membrane protein exposed on the surface of the gram-negative bacterium Haemophilus influenzae. Results reported here indicate that protein D is a lipoprotein. The protein is apparently synthesized as a precursor with an 18-residue-long signal sequence modified by the covalent attachment of both ester-linked and amide-linked palmitate to the cysteine residue

Aqueous extract of Clinopodium vulgare L. showed strong antitumour activity when tested in vitro on A2058 (human metastatic melanoma), HEp-2 (epidermoid carcinoma, larynx, human) and L5178Y (mouse lymphoma) cell lines-6 h after treatment disintegration of the nuclei and cell lysis started. Applied at a concentration of 80 microg/ml it reduced the cell survival to 1.0, 5.6 and 6.6%, respectively. T

A potentially important indirect effect of export processing zones (EPZs) is the catalyst effect. The foreign affiliates attracted to the EPZs could stimulate local firms to begin to export by showing them how to produce, market, sell and distribute manufactured goods on the world market. Our results indicate a significant catalyst effect in Malaysia.

This paper examines tongue movements in stop and fricative consonants where the duration of the oral closure/constriction for the consonant is varied for linguistic purposes. Native speakers of Japanese served as subjects. The linguistic material consisted of Japanese word pairs that only differed in the duration of the lingual consonant, which was either long or short. Recordings were made of ton

Phase separation studies have been carried out concerning the addition of different surfactants to systems containing either ethyl(hydroxyethyl)cellulose (EHEC) or the hydrophobically modified analogue (HM-EHEC). The polymer concentration was kept constant at 1 g polymer/100 g of water (1 w/w%), while the surfactant concentration was varied. In the polymer/sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) systems, whi

On Emanuel Swedenborg's natural philosophy, especially his mechanistic worlview.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are clustered in certain individuals but the molecular basis of disease susceptibility is not known. A single gene was shown to control the susceptibility to acute pyelonephritis and renal scarring in mice. The IL-8 receptor homologue (mIL-8Rh) controls neutrophil function during acute infection and the mIL-8Rh deletion causes tissue damage through neutrophil entrap

Model systems of cross-linked polyelectrolyte gels were investigated by means of Monte Carlo simulations. The model contained a charged defect-free th ee-dimensional network of a diamond-like topology and explicit counterions. Pressure vs volume relations and chain extensions were determined and compared to those of the corresponding polyelectrolyte solution. The structure of the gel was character

Application of concurrent engineering (CE) to machinery has to consider the type of production (individual, serial), product complexity and level of design. Product development (PD) involves four characteristic levels of design that requires specific activities. The characteristic design levels require definitions of the activities for providing the necessary software and other support for all pha

The Wee1 cell cycle checkpoint kinase prevents premature mitotic entry by inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinases. Chemical inhibitors of Wee1 are currently being tested clinically as targeted anticancer drugs. Wee1 inhibition is thought to be preferentially cytotoxic in p53-defective cancer cells. However, TP53 mutant cancers do not respond consistently to Wee1 inhibitor treatment, indicating the exi