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Model systems of cross-linked polyelectrolyte gels were investigated by means of Monte Carlo simulations. The model contained a charged defect-free th ee-dimensional network of a diamond-like topology and explicit counterions. Pressure vs volume relations and chain extensions were determined and compared to those of the corresponding polyelectrolyte solution. The structure of the gel was character
Cetyltrimethylammonium surfactants with a range of oligo carboxylate anions bearing. 2, 3, or 4 negative charges have been synthesized, and their respective behaviors in binary mixtures with water and in ternary mixtures with added decanol have been investigated. In binary mixtures with water, all surfactants formed nearly spherical micelles at high water contents; however, the interactions betwee
The effect of hydrophilically modified polystyrene, poly(styrene-g-poly(ethylene oxide)), P(S-g-PEC), on the viscosity of ACT oil-continuous microemulsions has been investigated as a function of PS and PEO chain lengths and PEO chain density. A series of polymers, P (S-g-PEO) with PEO chain lengths of 23 or 9, and different graft densities were synthesized by living radical polymerization. Thus, a
This paper examines lip and jaw kinematics in the production of labial stop and fricative consonants where the duration of the oral closure/constriction is varied for linguistic purposes. The subjects were speakers of Japanese and Swedish, two languages that have a contrast between short and long consonants. Lip and jaw movements were recorded using a magnetometer system. Based on earlier work sho
The effect of changing the block lengths of triblock copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide) -polystyrene -poly(ethylene oxide) on the relative viscosity of AOT oil-continuous microemulsions, with cyclohexane as the oil, was investigated. Five different microemulsion compositions were used to have (a) a series of increasing droplet concentration at constant droplet size and (b) a series with increasing
The capacity of murine liver dendritic cells (DC) to present bacterial Ags and produce cytokines after encounter with Salmonella was studied. Freshly isolated, nonparenchymal liver CD11c(+) cells had heterogeneous expression of MHC class II and CD11b and a low level of CD40 and CD86 expression. Characterization of liver DC subsets revealed that CD8alpha(-)CD4(-) double negative cells constituted t
In the present study we demonstrate that all CD4+ T cells in human tonsil expressing the Th2-selective receptor chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2) also 1) express high levels of CXCR5, and 2) display a transitional CD45RA/RO phenotype and consistently do not produce significant amounts of cytokines when immediately analyzed ex vivo. Hence, they represent pr
The article deals with Soviet Communist terror from the Russian Revolution to Stalin's death, focusing on on the one hand its varieties and changes, on the other hand its basic mechanisms and moving forces.
Stopped-flow fluorescence studies were performed to investigate the kinetics of formation of complexes between DNA and cationic vesicles. We followed the kinetics as a function of charge ratio and lipid vesicle composition. Binary mixtures of a saturated cationic lipid, dioctadecyldimethlammonium bromide (DODAB), and a zwitterionic lipid, dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), were used to prepa
Brown dwarf atmospheres form molecules, then high temperature condensates (corundum, titanates, silicates, and iron compounds), and then low temperature condensates (ices) as they cool down over time. These produce large opacities which govern entirely their spectral energy distribution. Just as it is important to know molecular opacities (TiO, H2O, CH4, etc.) with accuracy, it is imperative to un
The potential of mean force (PMF) acting between two simple ions surrounded by SPC/E water have been determined by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using a spherical cavity approach. Such effective ion-ion potentials were obtained for Me-Me, Me-Cl-, and Cl--Cl- pairs, where Me is a Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+ cation. The ionic sizes estimated from the effective potentials are not p
The influence of subphase characteristics (ionic strength, pH, and the presence of bridging cations) on the conformation and lateral orientation of the hydrophobic polypeptide poly-(L)-leucine (p-leu) has been investigated at the air-water interface with the surface film balance technique as well as with Brewster angle microscopy (BAM). In addition, Langmuir-Blodgett films of p-leu deposited on qu
We analyze the ripening process where, in a dispersion of vesicles, amphiphile monomers diffuse between vesicles of different sizes, leading to a change in the size distribution. Since, typically, vesicles are not under tension, the driving force for the process comes from the curvature energy. With the conventional expansion of the curvature energy density, g,, to harmonic order we find that the
Several immunodeficiency-related genes have been identified and a large number of mutations in these genes. Currently, a genetic defect has been determined in more than 2000 patients. Only recently has it become possible to address structure-function effects of these mutations in the corresponding proteins. The consequences of mutations in structure are discussed for Btk in X-linked agammaglobulin
This paper examines the coordination of lip and tongue movements in sequences of vowel-bilabial consonant-vowel where the duration of the oral closure for the consonant is varied for linguistic purposes. Native speakers of Japanese served as subjects. The linguistic material consisted of Japanese word pairs that only differed in the duration of the labial consonant, which was either long or short.
Two efficient Monte Carlo models are described, facilitating predictions of complete time-resolved fluorescence spectra from a light-scattering and light-absorbing medium. These are compared with a third, conventional fluorescence Monte Carlo model in terms of accuracy, signal-to-noise statistics, and simulation time. The improved computation efficiency is achieved by means of a convolution techni
The sole coat protein VP2 of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) was isolated and purified from intact virions, propagated in CHSE-214 cells. Likewise was the full-length VP2 protein isolated and purified upon cloning and expression of the corresponding complete gene in E. coli. The two purified proteins of different synthetic origins carrying identical primary structures were utilized in
