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Alzheimer´s Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative dementia characterized by the extracellular accumulation of the beta-amyloid (Ab) peptide into plaques and intracellular phosphorylation and accumulation of tau protein into neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Inflammation due to astrocytic and microglial activation is one of the ongoing processes in the disease giving rise to cytokine product

A brief introduction to convolutional coding is given. The active distances are reviewed and shown to be an important tool for analyzing the error correcting capability of maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding of convolutional codes when communicating over a binary symmetric channel (BSC). Due to memory and delay constraints in practical coding schemes, convolutional codes often are either terminated o

Abstract in Norwegian Bakgrunn. Fallulykker er et viktig helseproblem hos eldre. Både balansetesting og registrering av egenrapportert funksjon kan være måter å forutse fremtidige ulykker på. Materiale og metode. I en kohortstudie ble egenrapportert gangfunksjon kartlagt hos 307 tilfeldig utvalgte hjemmeboende kvinner 75 år og eldre. Kvinnene gjennomgikk også testing av balanse og gangfunksjon, oBACKGROUND: Falls represent an important health problem among the elderly. Balance testing as well as registration of self-reported balance problems may be appropriate in order to predict the risk of future falls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Self-reported walking was assessed in 307 randomly selected women 75 years or older living at home. The women underwent testing of gait and balance and were follow

Combined quantum chemical and molecular mechanics geometry optimisations have been performed on myoglobin without or with O(2) or CO bound to the haem group. The results show that the distal histidine residue is protonated on the N(varepsilon2) atom and forms a hydrogen bond to the haem ligand both in the O(2) and the CO complexes. We have also re-refined the crystal structure of CO-myoglobin by a

We study the concept of self-similarity with respect to stochastic time change. The negative binomial process (NBP) is an example of a family of random time transformations with respect to which stochastic self-similarity holds for certain stochastic processes. These processes include gamma process, geometric stable processes, Laplace motion, and fractional Laplace motion. We derive invariance pro

The currant shoot borer, Lampronia capitella (Lep., Prodoxidae), is an important pest of currants, Ribes spp., in northern Europe. Oviposition was studied in cage experiments and the flight period was monitored in field studies using pheromone-baited traps. Blackcurrant, Ribes nigrum, was the host species in both studies. The total egg supply of females was on average 107 eggs and oviposition star

In the stochastic Lagrange model for ocean waves the vertical and horizontal location of surface water particles are modeled as correlated Gaussian processes. In this article we investigate the statistical properties of wave characteristics related to wave asymmetry in the 3D Lagrange model. We present a modification of the original Lagrange model that can produce front-back asymmetry both of the

This article aims to analyse how innovative, individual actions influence the evolution of local industries according to three stages. When discussing the evolution of industries or economies, the concept of path dependency is often a central element. Its vague nature makes it however difficult to be used as an interpretative lens when studying the evolution of local industries. In order to limit

Low hemoglobin concentration is associated with increased mortality, but there is disagreement with regard to the clinical definition of anemia. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence, clinical correlates and association with total and cause-specific long-term mortality across the hemoglobin distribution and for previously proposed definitions of anemia. Blood hemoglobin concentration and mean corpus

Animals relying on a celestial compass for spatial orientation may use the position of the sun, the chromatic or intensity gradient of the sky, the polarization pattern of the sky, or a combination of these cues as compass signals. Behavioral experiments in bees and ants, indeed, showed that direct sunlight and sky polarization play a role in sky compass orientation, but the relative importance of

The review essay compares two different positions on climate geoengineering, providing an overview of the authors' main points and a subsequent analysis of their arguments.

This paper demonstrates how occurrence, transport and fate of pharmaceuticals at trace levels can be assessed when modelling wastewater treatment systems using two case studies. Firstly, two approaches based on: 1) phenomenology; and, 2) Markov Chains, are developed to describe the dynamics of pharmaceuticals with or without clear administration patterns. Additional simulations also show that sewe

Except for the scattered cephalopod conchs that have given the rock type its name, mollusk fossils are relatively rare in the Middle Ordovician 'orthoceratite limestone' of Sweden. However, an interval in the Darnwilian stands out as being unusually rich in various types of mollusks. Throughout southern Sweden, gastropods became relatively abundant close to the Volkhov-Kunda Baltoscandian Stage bo

Many bacterial pathogens interfere with the contact system (kallikrein kinin system) in human plasma. Activation of this system has two consequences: cleavage of high-molecular-mass kininogen (HK) resulting in release of the potent proinflammatory peptide bradykinin, and initiation of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation. In this study, two species of the Gram-negative anaerobic commensal organism