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Evaluation of: Akada J, Kamei S, Ito A et al. A new type of protein chip to detect hepatocellular carcinoma-related autoimmune antibodies in the sera of hepatitis C virus-positive patients. Proteome Sci. 11(1), 33 (2013). Unlocking the proteome and delivering biomarkers to the clinic will be critical for early and improved diagnosis and prognosis. Conventional protein microarrays have evolved as a

Long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) are internalized by receptor-mediated mechanisms or receptor-independent diffusion across cytoplasmic membranes and are utilized as nutrients, building blocks and signaling intermediates. Here we describe how the association of LCFAs to a partially unfolded, extracellular protein can alter the presentation to target cells and cellular effects. HAMLET (Human α-lactalb

Light harvesting by photosynthetic organisms is nature’s way to use solar energy for biomass growth. The process starts with light absorption in so-called antenna pigments, and is followed by transfer of the excited-state energy to reaction center proteins, where the energy is converted to an electrochemical gradient across the photosynthetic membrane (1). This potential is used to drive all energ

Super-obesity, a body mass index>50 kg/m(2), is difficult to treat. Many studies have focused on the anatomic changes of the intestines; the physiologic background is not clearly identified. It is established that Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) augments secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), and insulin, but other aspects of gut hormone cell function in the

A study on guided waves in a. layered half-space with large velocity contrasts and a decreasing velocity with depth is presented. Multiple mode dispersion curves are calculated in the complex wave number domain, taking into consideration the attenuation caused by leakage into the underlying half-space. The excitability of the modes by a vertical point force on the surface is also calculated. Resul

We analyze how the interaction between two hydrophobic surfaces in water depends on the amount of dissolved gas. At equilibrium there is, for a truly hydrophobic surface with contact angle theta > 90degrees, a long range attractive force. The attraction is due to the formation of a gaseous film between the surfaces. For a completely degassed sample the gas consists of water vapor and the range of

The Internet contains scientific information in increasing amounts. It is possible to obtain the latest information, and Web services can easily be maintained and updated. We have set up three Internet ser vices an immunodeficiencies. Immunodeficiency-related mutation information is available in immunodeficiency mutation databases (IDbases). Currently 14 registries are distributed, including infor

We have found a remarkable relationship between the specificity of antibodies and their chromatographic behavious upon liquid-liquid partition chromatography (LLPC). Well characterized human and murine monoclonal antibodies and Fab/Fv fragments thereof as well as mouse/human chimeric antibodies were employed. While, lgG 1, 2 and 4 antibodies with identical specificities (affinity constants) have i

The acoustical consequences of articulatory maneuvers of [y] are studied in model experiments in order to obtain insights into articulator programming and speech motor control by elucidating the role of each component maneuver of a speech segment in setting up vocal tract resonance conditions for the spectral features of the speech wave. The maneuvers of [y] are found to provide a maximum and stab

Partial migration is often considered a transitory stage between migration and residency, and whether partial migrants take weather conditions into account during migration is largely unknown. To assess whether partial migrants differ from regular migrants in their responses to weather, we compared the migratory intensity of a partial migrant, the Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus), with more regular

Movements of individual articulators are analyzed to elucidate principles of gestural organization in vowels. Procedures for tracking articulator gestures from x-ray motion films, and results obtained on coarticulation in Swedish, Bulgarian, and Greenlandic are reported in Wood [J. Phon. 19, 281–292 (1991); Proc. 3rd Congr. I. C. P. L. A. 191–200, Helsinki (1994); Proc. 13th I. C. Ph. Sc. 1, 392–3

Movement data are analyzed to elucidate principles of articulator coordination. Procedures for tracking articulator gestures from x-ray motion films, and results obtained from Swedish and Bulgarian work are reported in Wood [J. Phon. 19, 281–292 (1991), Proc. 3rd Congress I.C.P.L.A., 191-200, Helsinki (1994), Proc. 13th I.C.Ph.Sc., Vol. 1, 392–395, Stockholm (1995), J. Phon. (in press)]. Coarticul

Protective immunity depends upon the capability of the immune system to properly adapt the response to the nature of an infectious agent. CD4+ Th cells are implicated in this orchestration by secreting a polarized pattern of cytokines. Although Th2 development in animal models and in human cells in vitro to a large extent depends on IL-4, the nature of the cells that provide the initial IL-4 in vi