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Alla företag, stater, myndigheter och organisationer är i behov av att kunna locka till sig extra kapital till att användas för att finansiera olika verksamheter. Det finns ett flertal olika metoder för detta ändamål såsom banklån, obligationslån, strukturerade produkter, eller utgivning av nya aktier. Uppsättningen av finansieringsmetoder som används av ett företag kallas företagets kapitalstruAll companies, governments, states and organisations need to raise additional finance for different purposes. There are several different methods, such as bank loans, bonds, notes, structured products or new equity, available to obtain the required amount of money. The set of financial sources used by a corporate entity is called the company´s capital structure. Commonly, a company uses a number

Värdeöverföringar av olika slag från ett aktiebolag kan innebära risker för såväl bolagets borgenärer som enskilda aktieägare. Borgenärerna exponeras för en större risk ju mindre kapital som finns kvar i bolaget till betalning av deras fordringar. Minoritetsägare riskerar att bli förfördelade när majoritetsägare driver igenom värdeöverföringar som gynnar dem själva. Värdeöverföringsförbudet i 17 kValue transfers from a company may impose a substantial risk on both creditors and certain shareholders. As the coverage of the share capital decreases and less capital is kept within the company for the payment of its debts, the creditors are exposed to a greater financial risk. The minority shareholders on their part run the risk of being subjected to an undue disadvantage in the decision-making

Background: The term ‘legacy systems’ refers to existing Information Systems that have been deployed in the past and have been running critical business processes within an enterprise in its current IT architecture. Based on their important role, legacy systems are considered the heart of a company’s operating enterprise system and therefore are of significant business value to the company. Theref

This thesis addresses the legal protection afforded to a new separate branch of intellectual property law commonly referred to as geographical indications. Simply put a geographical indication is a label of origin designed to protect goods originating from a particular area with specific qualities connected to the region in question. Protection is granted for the whole region letting any company w

This study advances a broad analytical perspective intended to critically evaluate the predominant definitions of information operations (IO). The prevalent concepts of IO are challenged due to their reliance on unidirectional communication flow models that cannot account for the characteristics of produsage media, nor the culturally specific, interpersonally contextualized sense making processes

Biopiracy is defined as the commercial development of naturally occurring biological materials, such as plant substances or genetic cell lines, by a technologically advanced country or organisation without fair compensation to the peoples or nations in whose territory the materials were originally discovered. The problem is growing but as of today, there is no common view on how this problem shoul

Created in the aftermath of the Second World War the United Nations and its bodies do not represent the world that we live in today. The effectiveness and the usefulness of the organisation have been questioned and the need for a reformation has increased. The distinction between power and authority and the different organs of the UN is difficult to draw. The Security Council has the main responsi

If human rights are to be enjoyed by every person regardless of origin or nationality; if human rights are the rights of the human being under any circumstances, then the best way to gauge the quality and depth of our systems of protection of human rights will be to examine the extent to which these are enjoyed by their most genuine recipients: those deprived of wealth and citizenship, a home and

The bike helmet is certainly a topic of current interest. From January the 1st 2005 it is mandated by law that children under 15 years old must use bike helmet when biking or being given a lift on a bike. There is an ongoing debate about the next step, to develop the law on bike helmet to apply for adult bicyclists as well. If a law like this would be established, the request on bike helmets would

Ammonia is considered a promising carbon-free fuel for marine engines, yet challenges persist in utilizing ammonia as a carbon-free marine fuel due to its inherently low reactivity and significant emissions of NOx and N2O. To address these issues, advanced combustion strategies, such as ammonia/diesel dual-fuel Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI), have been proposed. This thesis pres

Apple is one of the most important pollinator-dependent fruit crops worldwide. To secure high-quality yields, it is crucial to know which, and to what extent, pollinating insects contribute to its pollination success as measured by fruit set, fruit weight and seed set. We perform a meta-analysis of field studies conducted across multiple orchards on insect-mediated pollination in apple cultivation

Climate change is considered to be among the most serious threats to the sustainability of the world's environment, the health and well being of its people and the global economy. The rising levels of greenhouse gases in the global atmosphere are expected to cause a rise in global temperatures. In Kyoto, December 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was written under which industrialised countries have ad

Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning: Under året 2001 kom forskare i hela världen överens om att globala klimatförändringar existerar och att människliga aktiviteter har påverkat dem, framförallt genom utsläpp av koldioxid (CO2). Kyoto Protokollet är en global överenskommelse som kräver en minskning av CO2 utsläpp (med 1990 som basår) och fem andra växthusgaser med 5% fram till 2012. Ett sätt som näIn 2001, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change approved human impact (mainly through the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2)) on global warming. The Kyoto Protocol is a global contract that proposes the reduction of CO2 and five other greenhouse gases by 2012 to at least 5% below the level of 1990. One reduction strategy included in the Protocol is the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). It su

Predicting corporate failure is an increasingly important topic in the world of economics today. This paper, with the help of the credit ranking company Syna AB, aims to investigate a few different statistic strategies to do just that. This task is accomplished by using a data material of 250 000 Swedish companies divided into two subsamples. The first sample is used to develop the model and the s

ABSTRACT: We plan to conduct a case-control study to investigate whether exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) increases the risk of stroke. In case-control studies, selective participation can lead to bias and loss of efficiency. A two-phase design can reduce bias and improve efficiency by combining information on the non-participating subjects with information from the participating subjects. In ou

En betydande del av Europas byggnadsbestånd behöver renoveras. De vanligaste anledningarna till att man genomför renoveringar är akuta tekniska problem eller en byggnads eller dess komponenters utgående livslängd. Andra vanliga skäl för byggherrar att genomföra renoveringar i sitt byggnadsbestånd är höga kostnader för underhåll och drift samt ett högt energibehov. Dessutom har bygg- och fastighetsA considerable amount of Europe’s building stock needs to be renovated. The most common reasons for carrying out renovations are acute technical issues or the expiring life span of a building or its components. Other common reason for building owners to carry out renovations in their building stock are high costs for maintenance and operation, and a high energy demand. Furthermore, the constructio

The emergence of microbial antibiotic resistance is a central threat to global health, food security, and development. It has been shown that heavy metal pollution can give rise to microbial resistance to antibiotics, but how wide-spread this phenomenon is remains an open question that urgently needs filling to enable appropriate environmental risk assessments. Here, we determined whether long-ter

The overall aim of this thesis was to increase knowledge about physiotherapy treatment for infants with lower respiratory tract infections, which is the most common reason for infant hospitalisation worldwide. Physiotherapy treatment for these infants is debated, and there is no clear consensus regarding the best treatment strategy.To examine current treatment and evaluation methods in Sweden, we

Background Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) up to six months is sub-optimal globally. Tanzania has surpassed the World Health Assembly (WHA) target of increasing the rate of exclusive breastfeeding among children below six months to at least 50% by the year 2025 the median age of cessation of EBF is only three months. Objective To determine the time to cessation of exclusive breastfeeding and its ass