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A key to successful chronic neural interfacing is to achieve minimal glial scarring surrounding the implants, as the astrocytes and microglia may functionally insulate the interface. A possible explanation for the development of these reactions is mechanical forces arising between the implants and the brain. Here, we show that the difference between the density of neural probes and that of the tis
In this paper we demonstrate how surface site specific experimental information can be obtained from free low nanometer scale clusters using photoelectron spectroscopy utilising synchrotron radiation. In addition, we show how it can be used to gain insight into the geometry and surface structure of the clusters. The present experiments were conducted on alkali metal halides, RbCl and CsCl, which w
Objectives: We evaluated a method for gas monitoring in the mastoid cavity using tunable diode laser spectroscopy by comparing it to simultaneously obtained computed tomographic (CT) scans. Methods: The presented optical technique measures free gases, oxygen (O2), and water vapor (H2O) within human tissue by use of low-power diode lasers. Laser light was sent into the tip of the mastoid process
Mixtures of methanol and acetate as carbon source were investigated in order to determine their capacity to enhance denitrification and for analysis of the microbial composition and carbon degradation activity in activated sludge from wastewater treatment plants. Laboratory batch reactors at 20 degrees C were used for nitrate uptake rate (NUR) measurements in order to investigate the anoxic activi
Background: Pediatric intestinal biopsy procedures including considerable transpharyngeal manipulation of a wire-guided metal capsule require adequate sedation or anesthesia. This retrospective cohort study was designed to evaluate intravenous sedation with ketamine and low-dose midazolam in young children undergoing these procedures before and also after discharge from the hospital. Methods: A t
A numerical approach for moisture transport in porous materials like concrete is presented. The model considers mass balance equations for the vapour phase and the water phase in the material together with constitutive equations for the mass flows and for the exchange of mass between the two phases. History-dependent sorption behaviour is introduced by considering scanning curves between the bound
Context. The solution of the nonlocal thermodynamical equilibrium (non-LTE) radiative transfer equation usually relies on stationary iterative methods, which may falsely converge in some cases. Furthermore, these methods are often unable to handle large-scale systems, such as molecular spectra emerging from, for example, cool stellar atmospheres. Aims. Our objective is to develop a new method, whi
The view of children and child rearing has undergone a marked change in our country over the past 50 years. As the first country in the world, Sweden passed legislation 1979 on the prohibition of corporal punishment in the home. Many countries have followed suit, but at present, only 5,4% of the world's children have legal protection against violence and abuse. Children's rights are on the agenda,
The clinical assessment of language impairment (LI) in bilingual children imposes challenges for speech-language pathology services. Assessment tools standardized for monolingual populations increase the risk of misinterpreting bilingualism as LI. This Perspective article summarizes recent studies on the assessment of bilingual LI and presents new results on including non-linguistic measures of ex
The formation of lumps during large scale wetting of spray dried powders is a common problem in the industry. The result is a large energy demand if an efficient mixing is to be achieved at the industrial scale. If more knowledge regarding the phenomena governing lump formation is obtained, the unit operation could be optimized and made more efficient. As a part of increasing the understanding of
A new Reference Material (RM) for radionuclides in mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the Mediterranean Sea (IAEA-437) is described and the results of the certification process are presented. Four radionuclides (K-40, U-234, U-238, and Pu239+240) have been certified, and information values on massic activities with 95% confidence intervals are given for nine radionuclides (Cs-137, Pb-210(Po-2
Enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) obtained from minimally invasive blood samples has been well established as a valuable monitoring tool in metastatic and early breast cancer, as well as in several other cancer types. The gold standard technology for detecting CTCs in blood against a backdrop of millions of leukocytes is the FDA-approved CellSearch system (Janssen Diagnostics), which r
The use of biofuels for road transport in Sweden has increased during the past 10 years as policymakers stimulate demand in response to concerns about climate change. Using a supply chain approach, this paper analyses: (i) existing biofuel supply chains in Sweden (biogas, biodiesel and bioethanol) in terms of security of supply, and (ii) possibilities to achieve synergies between implementation of
It is frequently observed that the local relative abundances of aquatic microbial taxa are correlated with their average relative abundance at the regional scale, which results in the composition of different communities being more similar than expected by chance or invariant. The degree to which communities within a region match the regional average community is variable and likely depends on sev
The European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2012 is the update of similar evidence based position papers published in 2005 and 2007. The document contains chapters on definitions and classification, we now also propose definitions for 'difficult to treat' rhinosinusitis, control of disease and better definitions for rhinosinusitis in children. More emphasis is placed on the diag
This thesis aimed to search for etiological clues about cancer of unknown primary(CUP) by gathering novel information. The Swedish national registries were used and CUP cases were identified according to the seventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases. A consistent increase before the late 1990s and a dramatic decrease afterwards were observed for CUP incidence among Swedes,re
Peatlands are significant sources of the important greenhouse gas CH4 and generally known as sinks for atmospheric CO2 through peat accumulation. Accurate measurements of the subsurface concentrations of these gases are of pivotal importance for experimental studies improving our understanding of the dynamics and controls on the exchanges of these gases between peat soils and the atmosphere. In th
Infrared polarization spectroscopy (IRPS) was used to detect HCl in an 800 mm long tube furnace. Pieces of a polyvinyl chloride-carpet were continuously fed into the furnace producing a heavy smoke, which is exemplified by the fact that the smoke completely obscured a red laser beam from a He-Ne laser. This constitutes a very harsh environment from a diagnostic point of view due to the high smoke
