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Nedmonteringen av rättsstatsprincipen i vissa av EU:s medlemsstater, vilket skett genom omfattande domstolsreformer som inkräktar på rättsväsendets oavhängighet, har resulterat i en ’Rule of Law’-kris som påverkar det unionsrättsliga samarbetet inom flera dimensioner. Respekt för rättsstaten är ett grundläggande krav vid anslutning till unionen enligt artikel 49 FEU och ett fundamentalt värde för The rule of law backsliding in some EU Member States through deficiencies in the judiciary has led to a crisis impacting several dimensions of the European cooperation. Respect for the rule of law is a fundamental value for the Union and thus a pre-condition for accession to the Union according to Article 49 TEU. Pursuant to Article 2 TEU the rule of law is a common value between the Member States

En utlänning som begår brott med fängelse i straffskalan kan utvisas ur Sverige. Utlänningen måste, för att utvisning ska bli aktuellt, dömas till ett strängare straff än böter och det måste antingen föreligga en risk för återfall i brottslighet eller vara fråga om ett brott som är så allvarligt att utlänningen inte bör få stanna i landet. Vid prövningen av utvisningsfrågan ska domstolen dessutom A foreigner who commits a crime that has prison in the punishment scale can be expelled from Sweden. For expulsion to become relevant the foreigner must be sentenced to a more severe penalty than a fine. There must also be a risk of relapse in crime or be a matter of such a severe crime that the foreigner should not be allowed to stay in the country. When the court examine the expulsion issue, it

Gränsen mellan spel- och tävlingsvinster kan vara svår att dra, men det är ack så viktigt att den dras korrekt. Skatterättsligt skiljer sig nämligen behandlingen av de båda vinstformerna åt markant, där tävlingsvinster som huvudregel beskattas av vinnaren. Spelvinster medför däremot inte någon individbeskattning, utan här får istället arrangören vara den bidragande aktören. Avvägningen mellan spelThe line between gambling and competition wins can be difficult to draw, but it is important that it is drawn correctly. In fact, tax law differs significantly in the treatment of the two forms of profit, where competition winnings are, as a general rule, taxed by the winner. Gambling winnings on the other hand, do not entail any individual taxation. Here, the organizer is instead the contributing

Flyktingkrisen 2015 innebar en ökad invandring till Sverige och i samband med den krävdes en lagreform för att skapa en jämnare fördelning av nyanlända invandrare mellan landets kommuner. Detta resulterade i att bosättningslagen trädde i kraft i mars 2016. Den nya lagen innebär en skyldighet för kommuner att numera efter anvisning av en länsstyrelse årligen ta emot ett antal nyanlända invandrare oThe refugee crisis in 2015 meant increased immigration to Sweden and in conjunction with it, a reform of the legislation was required to create a more even distribution of newly arrived immigrants among the country's municipalities. This resulted in the Housing Act coming into effect in March 2016. The new law stipulates an obligation for municipalities to annually receive a number of newly ar

Demand for the usable water is accumulating globally in parallel with the population growth and the industrial revolution. Nevertheless, availability and accessibility of the usable water is progressively subsiding due to many environmental and socio-economic reasons. This discrepancy can lead the world to a water crisis unless it takes necessary actions to enhance the sustainable use of existing

This article analyses why Singapore compared to Iceland, has received greater amount of FDIs during the time from year: 1977-2007. FDIs have often been proven to increase a state’s economy since it is used as a tool for states to establish a long term relationship and trade with each other. Moreover, New Economic Geography (NEG), a theory written by Paul Krugman will be used to prove that the geog

Lärares befogenhet att med stöd av 5 kap. 6 § SkolL ingripa fysiskt mot elever i ordningsstörande situationer har varit, och är en omdebatterad fråga. Inte minst i samband med HD:s avgörande Soffallet från 2020. Undersökningar visar att delar av lärarkåren upplever en oro och rädsla för att ingripa och sedermera bli anmälda, vilket delvis tycks bottna i bestämmelsens otydlighet. I media har lärareTeacher ́s authority to, with support of chapter 5 section 6 of the Education Act, physically intervene towards students in disruptive situations has been and still is a debated topic, not least in connection with the ruling of the Supreme Court in 2020, called Soffallet (the sofa case). Surveys show that parts of the teaching staff experience a concern about intervening since they are afraid of b

The initiating impetus of this project was a frustration over the en-masse inaction experienced in relation to the climate crisis. Although people are aware of necessary actions few are able to act. This project attempts to understand people’s inability to act whilst looking at ways to counter this apathy through behavioral change. Through research on convenience, human behavior and inaction we a

In this Master’s thesis we examine why public libraries, in different municipalities in the same city region, have chosen to make different decisions regarding the libraries accessibility during the covid-19 pandemic. These institutions are forced to show evidence of adaptability and competence to handle a situation of an unpredictable crisis with rapid turns and major consequences as a result. Th

In the shadow of commercial fishing fleets, recreational fishers are a lesser known but still substantial group exerting pressure on the world’s aquatic ecosystems and its fish stocks. Enthusiastic angler participation, high catch rates, catch selectivity and harmful fishing techniques characteristic of recreational fishers can have detrimental impacts on the aquatic environment. Furthermore, recr

A new pharmaceutical product suitable to act as a negative contrast agent for Computerized Scan (CT-scan) of the abdomen is under development. At the moment the product has the form of a powder, which when dispersed in water and whipped, gives a stable foam. The foam is ingested by individuals who are about to undergo a CT-scan, as a prior preparation step. The powder form has disadvantages such a

X-ray phase-contrast imaging is a powerful technique that allows great resolving power for low absorbing samples, such as biological tissue. This method relies on measuring the phase shift induced by the sample instead of the absorption traditional radiography relies on. This phase shift is measured as an intensity modulation at the detector and by using various algorithms one can obtain informati

Från avfall till bioetanol - en undersökning av bioetanolproduktion från djupströ Under de senaste 50 åren har befolkningen på vår planet fördubblats, vilket har lett till att energiförbrukningen har ökat drastiskt. En av de främsta bovarna är transportsektorn, som dessutom medför stora utsläpp av växthusgaser. Ett sätt att minimera dessa utsläpp är att använda sig av miljövänliga transportmedel For the year 2020, the European Union has set common goals to aim for regarding the environment. One of them being to reduce the green house gas (GHG) emissions by 20 percent. The world population is increasing, consequently increasing the demand for energy and food. Since the use of fossil sources is neither sustainable nor environmentally friendly, new techniques of meeting the energy demand nee

For the next 40 years, a rate of 3% of the European building stock per year needs to be renovated in order to meet the carbon and economic goals set out in the European Economic Recovery Plan. This puts high demands on the accuracy level of energy simulations software for predicting the energy need for retrofitted buildings. However, in most cases the simulated energy need does not correspond with

Many regions around the world suffer from occasional or permanent droughts. Recent years have shown that although Sweden is not a water scarce country, it is vulnerable to dry peri- ods. As drinking water is applied in not only households, but within agriculture and indus- tries, this thesis explores the opportunities to achieve an improved management of water re- sources, by investigating the pos

Biomass-fired combined heat and power (CHP) plants in Sweden are usually equipped with a flue gas condenser, where the flue gas is sprayed with water which absorbs contaminants and makes the flue gas meet emission restrictions. This results in a contaminated condensate that has to be treated to be discharged or re-used in the plant. This can be done in various ways, but at the moment the interest

Experienced safety is difficult to measure, as it treats subjective feelings and these do not always coincide with crime rates. In addition, women, immigrants and poor people often report lower levels of experienced safety, which implies structural causes. Many quantitative studies have been carried out on the subject of safety, crime and fear but there is still a need for more knowledge of experi

Climate change has been identified as one of the greatest threats facing our world today. The effects of climate change are expected to increase global sea level rise and the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. This poses a significant risk to cities due to their high population density and economic, political, cultural and commercial activities. Coastal cities in low- and middle-in

The world of data is changing fast, while data always have been present in the world of computer science the importance of data has in the last couple of years grown, and it does not seem to be slowing down. The data usage is steadily increasing and the amount of data is growing, as well as the ever expanding amount of devices that produce data, especially in fields such at IoT and cloud computing