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On the European aggregate level there is an inverted-U curve for long-term energy intensity. In the 19th century aggregate European energy intensity rose, followed by a declining trend during the 20th century. This article discusses the possible explanations for the declining trend during the 20th century and explores the role of energy quality as expressed in energy prices. For the first time a c
Since the law of support and service for people with certain disabilities (LSS) was implemented 1994, the carers’ role has changed from «taking care of» to «giving support to» people with intellectual disabilities/autism, but the requirements of knowledge hasn’t been altered. In order to provide appropriate support, carers need both theoretical knowledge and experience of how people with intellect
Popular Abstract in Swedish I den här avhandlingen studeras de elektriska egenskaperna hos nanotrådar av halvledarmaterial. En halvledare är ett mellanting av en ledare och en isolator, där den elektriska ledningsförmågan kan styras både genom att förorena materialet med andra ämnen och genom att påverka materialet med ett elektriskt fält. I princip all modern elektronik bygger på komponenter av hThis thesis focuses on electron transport in semiconductor InAs/InP and InSb nanowire quantum devices. However, first the temperature dependence of classical charge transport in InSb nanowire field-effect transistors, FETs, is characterized, using InAs nanowire FETs as a reference. We find that the InSb FETs, in the same way as InAs FETs, are n-type with good current saturation and low voltage ope
The use of Global Positioning System (GPS) technology enables the study of tourists’ activities and movement patterns in real time. But what does this information tell us about tourists’ subjective experiences? The present paper accounts for the results from four case studies: two event studies and two destination studies. Two of these took place in the wintertime, and two in the summertime. Visit
This paper introduces and explores the psychological and social factors that both contribute to and inhibit behaviour change vis-a-vis sustainable (tourist) mobility. It is based on papers presented at the Freiburg 2012 workshop. Specifically, it reviews climate change attitudes and perceptions, the psychological benefits of tourism mobilities, addictive elements of mobility and social norming eff
Nutrient fluxes to coastal areas have risen in recent decades, leading to widespread hypoxia and other ecological damage, particularly from nitrogen (N). Several factors make N more limiting in estuaries and coastal waters than in lakes: desorption (release) of phosphorus (P) bound to clay as salinity increases, lack of planktonic N fixation in most coastal ecosystems, and flux of relatively P-ric
Abstract Objective: This cross-sectional study aimed at investigating the relationship between the return to work potential, according to the Worker Role Interview (WRI) assessment, and clinical characteristics and level of empowerment and occupational engagement among persons with severe mental illness who express their own interest in working. Methods: 120 participants entered the study. The WRI
Aim: To describe the prevalence of myelomeningocele (MMC) and the medical needs of adolescents, 15-18 years, with MMC in Sweden, at a time when they are on the threshold of adulthood, leaving paediatrics. Methods: In a retrospective study, we identified all adolescents with MMC, born during 1986-1989 and living in Sweden on July 1, 2004. An inventory was agreed upon with questions concerning their
Popular Abstract in Swedish Denna avhandling undersöker den operativa kärnan i räddningsinsatser. Vidare undersöker den effekten av olika åtgärder som används vid räddningsinsatser mot brand i byggnad, effekten av sådana åtgärder till följd av beslut som fattas av befäl samt effekten av att allokera resurser i tiden och rummet vid en räddningsinsats mot brand i byggnad. Avhandlingen drar slutsatseThe operational core of firefighting operations was examined. The effects of various firefighting procedures on the fire ground, their impact upon conditions on the fire ground in which decisions by commanding officers are made and the effects of allocating resources in time and space on the fire ground were explored. In addition, various approaches for modelling firefighting operations were discu
A new work organization was introduced in administrative surveying work in Sweden during 1998. The new work organization implied a transition to a client-centred team-based organization and required a change in competence from specialist to generalist knowledge as well as a transition to a new information technology, implying a greater integration within the company. The aim of this study was to f
Popular Abstract in Swedish Bröstcancer är i dag den vanligaste cancerformen hos kvinnor i västvärlden. I Sverige insjuknar varje år drygt 6 600 kvinnor, och detta innebär att en av tio kvinnor kommer någon gång under sin livstid att utveckla bröstcancer. Antalet nydiagnostiserade fall av bröstcancer i Sverige har under de senare åren ökat, vilket bl.a. tros bero på den ökade medelåldern i befolkn
Popular Abstract in Swedish Reaktiva syreföreningar s.k. ROS uppstår naturligt i den syrerelaterade metabolismen eller i andra processer och den orsakar skador på essentiella föreningar i cellen såsom DNA, proteiner och fetter. Denna oxidation ligger till grund för många allvarliga sjukdomar hos människor som t.ex. viss typ av cancer och Alzheimers och man tror även att den ligger bakom andra åkomReactive oxygen species (ROS) consisting of various oxygen-based free radicals as well as other reactive non-radical species produced in O2-related metabolism or through other processes are involved in the oxidation of such vital biomolecules as DNA, proteins and lipids. The types of oxidation represented here are known to cause many different diseases and disorders in human beings, such as cancer
Popular Abstract in English It is hard to imagine present day’s lifestyle without the use of modern technologies as prevalent in sectors including bioscience & technology and the semiconductor & chemical industries. In technological advances of biosensors, catalysis, and microelectronics, the surface modification of materials (which includes modification of the wetting, structural, electriThe research work described in this thesis is concerned with the modification of oxide surfaces, as reflected by its title. The surfaces and their modification have been studied using a range of experimental surface characterization tools, in particular x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning tunneling mic
Aktiebolaget som associationsform är en av det svenska affärslivets grundkomponenter och har kontinuerligt utvecklats i takt med samhället i stort. Idag tycks vi stå inför en ny syn på aktiebolaget som samhällsaktör, där uppmärksamheten riktas mot dess förhållande till sin omvärld, istället för på interna bolagsstyrningsaspekter där fokus legat under en längre tid. Denna uppsats granskar förhållanThe limited liability company (Sw. “aktiebolag”) as a legal figure constitutes one of the basic components in Swedish business life and has continuously evolved with society at large. Today we seem to be facing a new notion regarding the limited company’s role in society, where attention is drawn to its relation to the surrounding world, instead of focusing on internal corporate governance aspects
I avgörandet UsedSoft slog EU-domstolen fast att konsumtionsprincipen omfattar digitala exemplar av datorprogram under vissa förutsättningar. Förhandsavgörandet har följts av en diskussion kring huruvida principen även ska tillämpas på andra kategorier av digitala verk. Syftet med framställningen är att utreda om så är fallet genom att undersöka hur digitala verk förhåller sig till datorprogramdirIn the UsedSoft case, the CJEU concluded that the principle of exhaustion extends to digital copies of computer programs under certain conditions. This ruling has been followed by a discussion on whether or not the principle applies to other categories of digital works as well. The purpose of this thesis is to assess if that is the case by examining how digital works relate to the scope of the Sof
Destruktiva skogsbränder är vanliga idag och genererar nyheter varje år. Förr i tiden var skogsbränder dock ett viktigt ursprung till förnyelse i många ekosystem. Många arter är anpassade och beroende av skogsbränder. Uppskattningen av skogsbrandstorleken är viktig för att återinsätta bränder i skogen med en naturlig rotation. Storleksuppskattning av dåtida skogsbränder har undersökts i många årtSize estimations of fires that occurred centuries ago have been the subject of study for many decades. More accurate spatial fire histories from tree rings were possible by either drawing the sample location on detailed topographic maps or using GPS receivers. A popular method of delineating fire sizes is to draw an outline around the fire-scarred samples considering topographic and landscape feat
Vargen som art är strikt skyddad i enlighet med EU-rättsliga direktiv. Undantag från skyddet medges endast under vissa specifika förutsättningar. Möjlighet att få prövat i domstol om dessa förutsättningar varit uppfyllda när ett licensjaktbeslut fattats saknades i svensk rätt fram till så sent som den 1 april i år (2016), eftersom det fanns ett överklagandeförbud i jaktförordningen. I stället utgjThe wolf is as a species strictly protected by directives from the EU. Exceptions from the protection are only admitted in accordance with certain specific conditions. Up until the 1st of April 2016 the Swedish Hunting Regulation contained a ban on appeals, meaning that the question of whether the conditions for licensed hunting for wolves were fulfilled or not, could not be reviewed by a court. I
Popular science summary: Predictive model for unbound brain-to-plasma concentration ratio Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic interface evolved to protect the brain from exposure to toxic xenobiotics and to maintain homeostasis. Distribution of drugs across BBB is critical for any drug discovery project. A drug designed for a target in brain has to pass through the BBB in sufficient concentr
Varje år dör omkring tretton kvinnor i Sverige till följd av våld av en man som de har eller har haft en nära relation med. Ofta kulminerar våldet vid en separation eller skilsmässa. Det kan därför innebära en högre risk för dödligt våld under separationsfasen. Den drivande kraften bakom våldet är vanligtvis svartsjuka och kontroll från mannen, vilket han känner en förlust av vid tillfället då kviEvery year about thirteen women die in Sweden because of the violence of a man they have or have had a close relationship with. Often the violence culminates in a separation or divorce. Therefore, it may involve a higher risk of fatal violence during the separation phase. The driving force behind the violence is usually jealous and control from the man, which he knows a loss at the moment when the
