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BACKGROUND: The advent of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors has revolutionized lung cancer treatment, necessitating accurate PD-L1 immunohistochemical (IHC) assessment. While standardized for formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) histological samples, PD-L1 testing on cytology remains challenging. This review aims to address the complexities of PD-L1 IHC in cytology, focusing on validation guidelines, quali

Forests are invaluable terrestrial ecosystems with considerable economic, ecological, and environmental benefits. Bark beetles have been recognized as one of the major causes of forest disturbance, and climate change can exacerbate their impact, leading to more tree mortality. Early detection of bark beetle attacks is vital to reduce forest loss and devastating consequences. This study examines th

A hyperspectral field sensor (FloX) was installed in Adventdalen (Svalbard, Norway) in 2019 as part of the Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System (SIOS) for monitoring vegetation phenology and Sun-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF) of high-Arctic tundra. This northernmost hyperspectral sensor is located within the footprint of a tower for long-term eddy covariance flux measurements

Purpose: We are trying to focus on the modes and processes of accounting standard setting in China in this thesis. By comparative studies with Japanese and French accounting systems, suggestions will be provided to improve Chinese accounting standard setting process. Methodology: The methodologies we used in this thesis are mainly abduction and case studies. The primary data are coming from the of

The question this thesis seeks to address is the legal circumstances under which an individual can be subject to criminal responsibility for committing the crime of aggression. This question is primarily considered in the context of a British national, given the particular situation of the United Kingdom as a State Party to the Rome Statute which has not ratified or accepted the 2010 Kampala Amend

När medier publicerar upphovsrättsligt skyddat material uppstår ett intressant och mångsidigt juridiskt problem. Upphovsinnehavaren har å ena sidan ensamrätt på hur alstret får utnyttjas. Media är å andra sidan ett kontrollorgan med uppgiften att informera allmänheten, särskilt i politiska sammanhang. Följaktligen har det införts upphovsrättsliga inskränkningar som i vissa fall ger medier rätt attMedia usage of copyright protected material creates an interesting and versatile legal problem. On the one hand, right holders have an exclusive right to the usage of their work. On the other hand, the importance of media freedom in a democratic society cannot be overstated. Journalists have a right and duty to inform on matters of public interests, especially political ones. Consequently, there a

Affinity proteomics, mainly represented by antibody microarrays, has in recent years been established as a powerful tool for high-throughput (disease) proteomics. The technology can be used to generate detailed protein expression profiles, or protein maps, of focused set of proteins in crude proteomes and potentially even high-resolution portraits of entire proteomes. The technology provides uniqu

I de fall en beställare av en kommersiell entreprenad är missnöjd med vad en entreprenör presterat, är det naturligtvis avgörande att fastställa vad som ska anses vara en så bristfällig prestation att beställaren får rätt att göra gällande påföljder mot entreprenören. En bedömning av om entreprenaden är behäftad med fel måste då göras. Frågan om fel i entreprenad och därmed sammanhängande frågor bIn cases where a client of a commercial construction contract is dissatisfied with a contractor’s performance, it’s of course crucial to determine what is to be considered such an insufficient performance, that the client is entitled to claim remedies against the contractor. An assessment of whether the contractor’s performance is insufficient must be made in these cases. The issue of defect in co

Frågan om bevarande av och långsiktigt utnyttjande av miljön framstår som en av vår tids viktigaste frågor. Bland tillgängliga åtgärder på miljöområdet finns kriminalisering: ett styrmedel med kraftfull klang men med begränsad räckvidd och nytta och framför allt en åtgärd som endast bör användas som sista utväg i enlighet med principen om ultima ratio. Sålunda anses varje straffbeläggande genereEnvironmental sustainability is one of the most important issues of our time and environmental harm can be dealt with in numerous ways. One strategy is to use criminal prohibitions. Fighting environmental crime has a powerful ring to it, but the reach of the criminal law is limited and its usefulness often highly (and sadly) overestimated. Such factors, combined with the adverse effects typically

This essay examines European Union policy-making in terms of its aims of promoting the Common Good of its citizens. It uses REACH, the new chemical legislation as a case study, since it is a good example of a piece of legislation which has both environmental and economic consequences, and hence pose great problems for legislators in deciding which of the aims for the Common Good to prioritize. It

The latency and amplitude of the midlatency auditive evoked potential's (AEP) Nb-trough has been found to indicate the depth of anaesthesis. The aim of this paper is to present a system that reliably estimates these parameters without a long time delay. The result shows that it is possible to estimate and track changes in latency and amplitude of the Nb-trough with a delay below 1 minute at a stim

Subarctic ecosystems are predicted to experience the fastest responses to climate change on the planet, with dramatically altered vegetation patterns, frost dynamics and hydrological flow paths. The resulting change in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export to river systems is poorly known, but reports of rising DOC in northern surface waters have led to widespread speculations on a possible climat

Climate change projections show that temperature and precipitation increases can alter the exchange of greenhouse gases between the atmosphere and high latitude landscapes, including their freshwaters. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) plays an important role in greenhouse gas emissions, but the impact of catchment productivity on DOC release to subarctic waters remains poorly known, especially at re

Several deep Greenland ice cores have been retrieved, however, capturing the Eemian period has been problematic due to stratigraphic disturbances in the ice. The new Greenland deep ice core from the NEEM site (77.45°N, 51.06°W, 2450 m.a.s.l) recovered a relatively complete Eemian record. Here we discuss the cosmogenic (10)Be isotope record from this core. The results show Eemian average (10)Be con

The productivity of agricultural and forest ecosystems in regions at higher latitudes is to a large extent governed by low temperature and moisture conditions. Environmental conditions are acting both above- and below-ground and regulating carbon fluxes and evapotranspiration. However, the understanding of various feedbacks between vegetation and environmental conditions is still unclear. In this

This paper describes national cooperation in Sweden launched by its universities and authorities, aimed at improving geodata education. These initiatives have been focused upon providing common access to geodata, the production of teaching materials in Swedish and organizing annual meetings for teachers. We argue that this type of cooperation is vital to providing high quality education for a poor