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Sedan 1895 har det funnits bestämmelser om tvångslikvidation på grund av kapitalbrist. Idag återfinns bestämmelserna i Aktiebolagslagen 25 kap. 13–20 §§. Reglerna stipulerar att styrelsen under vissa förutsättningar är skyldig att agera. När denna handlingsplikt för styrelsen uppkommer, framgår av ABL 25 kap. 13 §: Styrelsen ska genast upprätta en kontrollbalansräkning när det finns skäl att anta Since 1895, there have been provisions on compulsory liquidation due to capital shortage. Today, the provisions are found in the Swedish Companies Act (ABL) chapter 25 art. 13-20. The rules stipulate that the board is, under certain conditions, obliged to act. When this duty to act arises for the board, is stated in ABL chapter 25 art. 13: The board shall immediately draw up a control balance shee

Upphovsrätten utmanas ständigt av nya teknologiska fenomen. På senare tid har den tekniska utvecklingen möjliggjort att alster som tidigare var beroende av mänskligt skapande kan åstadkommas genom mer eller mindre automatiserade processer. I denna kategori finner vi kamerafällor som förenklat kan beskrivas som kameror som antingen ställs in för att ta fotografier konstant eller vid ett visst tidsiCopyright law is constantly challenged by new technological phenomena. Recently, new technology has enabled the making of creations through more or less autonomous processes. Some of these creations were previously dependent on human creativity for its existence. Situated in this category are camera traps. Camera traps can somewhat simplified be explained as cameras that are either set to take pic

Den svenska miljöbalken är ett viktigt verktyg för att kunna minska Sveriges utsläpp av växthusgaser och för att nå ett klimatneutralt Sverige till år 2045. Miljöbalkens tillståndsprövning av miljöfarlig verksamhet kan påverka de åtgärder och försiktighetsmått en verksamhetsutövare ska företa för att få bedriva en verksamhet som medför olägenhet för miljön, såsom utsläpp till luft. Genom att i tilThe Swedish Environmental Code is an important tool for reducing Sweden’s greenhouse gas emissions and the prospect of reaching a climate-neutral state by the year 2045. The Environmental Code’s permit procedure for environmentally hazardous activities can influence the actions and precautionary measures a business operator must undertake when operating an activity that causes inconvenience to the

En Dold Markovmodell (HMM) kan användas för modellera tidsserier på ett sätt som beskriver olika beteenden under olika perioder; till exempel kan den beskriva finansiella tidsseriers benägenhet att plötsligt ändra riktning då marknadssentimentet förändras, exempelvis på grund av en pandemi. Givet en tidsserie, tänker man sig att den antar olika tillstånd som ej går att observera men som reflekteraThe Hidden Markov model is applicable to a wide variety of fields. Applied to financial time series, its assumed underlying state sequence can reflect the time series' tendency to behave differently over different periods of time. In many situations, models could be improved by including exogenous data. However, that may in some cases be inappropriate in practice as the model could get too mat

I syfte att säkerställa den grundläggande rätten till skydd av data samt att motverka fragmenteringen av dataskyddsrätten inom EU infördes den allmänna dataskyddsförordningen, ’GDPR’. För att personuppgiftsbehandling ska vara tillåtet under GDPR, krävs det rättslig grund, exempelvis samtycke. För särskilda behandlingsändamål inom elektronisk kommunikation fastställer ePrivacy-direktivet att enbartAs a means to safeguard the fundamental right to data protection in light of the rapid advancement of use of technology and to address the fragmented implementation of data protection, the GDPR was introduced. For processing of personal data to be lawful under the GDPR, processing must have a legal basis, such as consent. The ePrivacy Directive establishes that consent is the only valid legal basi

The answer to the question why courts in state A should consider and apply laws belonging to the legal system of state B is still debated. As early as the 17th and 18th centuries, Dutch jurists such as Johannes Voet and Ulric Huber launched the idea of comitas gentium - international courtesy to foreign states. During the 19th century, the ideas advocated by the Dutch school of thought were furthe

Syftet med projekt, AirBeeSafe, var att öka kunskapen om bin och andra pollinerande insekters exponering för olika växtskyddsmedel i odlingslandskapet. Projektet utfördes i ett samarbete mellan SLU Centrum för kemiska bekämpningsmedel i miljön (CKB) och Biologiska institutionen, Lunds universitet, samt lantbrukare och biodlare. Finansiering gavs av Naturvårdsverket och det strategiska forskningsom

Germline mutations in the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1 are responsible for the majority of cases involving hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. Whereas all truncating mutations are considered as functionally deleterious, most of the missense variants identified to date cannot be readily distinguished as either disease-associated mutations or benign polymorphisms. The C-term

Breakup reactions were used to study the ground-state configuration of the neutron-rich isotope 23O. The 22O fragments produced in one-nucleon removal from 23O at 938 MeV/nucleon in a carbon target were detected in coincidence with de-exciting γ rays, allowing to discern between 22O ground-state and excited-states contributions. From the comparison of exclusive experimental momentum distributions

Popular Abstract in Swedish Avhandlingen behandlar det nytestamentliga Judasbrevets texthistoria. Monografin inleds med en översikt av textforskningen på de Katolska Breven i allmänhet och Judasbrevet i synnerhet, från 1800-talet och fram till nutid. Mot bakgrund av det tecknade forskningsläget beskriver så författaren studiens upplägg och syfte, samt antyder några av resultaten. Det handlar främsThis study treats the textual tradition of the Epistle of Jude. After an introductory survey of earlier text-critical research, the two main purposes of this investigation are formulated: to gather and to analyze the complete textual evidence of the Epistle of Jude. The first task, to gather the evidence, involves the collation of all Greek continuous text MSS of the Epistle of Jude. The evidence

Floral volatile benzenoid/phenylpropanoid (FVBP) biosynthesis is a complex and coordinate cellular process executed by petal limb cells of a Petunia×hybrida cv. 'Mitchell Diploid' (MD) plant. In MD flowers, the majority of benzenoid volatile compounds are derived from a core phenylpropanoid pathway intermediate by a coenzyme A (CoA) dependent, β-oxidative scheme. Metabolic flux analysis, reverse g

This presentation will engage with the issue of educational reform in the Middle East, discussing preliminary findings of a recently initiated research project on community based educational projects in Beirut. Such initiatives will be discussed in relation to national Lebanese educational policies and practices, as well as in relation to international educational programs such as Education for Al

Popular Abstract in Swedish Cellulosa är ett av de vanligast förekommande biologiska ämnena på jorden och en mycket viktig råvara. Cellulosa är en polymer, uppbyggd av glukosmolekyler som är bundna till varandra i kedjor. Kedjorna kan bli mycket långa och består ofta av flera tusen glukosmolekyler. Eftersom cellulosakedjor är lineära kan de packa sig parallellt med varandra och bilda styva fibrer Soluble derivatives of cellulose have become increasingly important in industrial products e.g. in pharmaceutical applications and in technical dispersions. The polymer characteristics of modified celluloses are to a high degree determined by the substituent distribution along the polymeric backbone. The distribution will be more or less heterogeneous both due to the fact that polymers from renewa

Popular Abstract in Swedish Liposuction och kontrollerad kompressionsbehandling av armlymfödem efter bröstcancerbehandling Behandlingen av bröstcancer är kirurgisk. Förutom att bröstet avlägsnas innefattar behandlingen ofta borttagning av lymfkörtlar i armhålan samt strålbehandling. Detta leder till att flödet av lymfa från armen kraftigt försämras med svullnad som följd (lymfödem). Detta inträffLiposuction and controlled compression therapy in the treatment of arm lymphedema following breast cancer About one-third of all women treated for breast cancer develop arm lymphedema. The cancer itself is a worry, but the swollen and heavy arm is an additional handicap for the patients, both physical and psychosocial. Previous surgical and conservative treatments have not always given satisfacto

Projectile fragmentation of a 750 MeV/nucleon U-238 beam was used to populate neutron-deficient nuclei around A similar to190. Isomeric states in Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, and Po isotopes were identified and their lifetimes determined, with the ultimate aim of measuring their isomeric ratios to provide information on the spin population in such reactions.

The effect of different additives on protein stability was studied, and the basis for stabilization was investigated at molecular level. The addition of sorbitol enhanced thermal stability of hen egg white lysozyme in aqueous solution. NMR spectroscopy revealed changes in the relaxation properties of Ala and Thr methyl groups in lysozyme, indicating compression of the enzyme as a consequence of pr

A phonetogram is a diagram displaying sound pressure levels (SPL) of softest and loudest possible phonation over the entire fundamental frequency range (F0) of a voice. Female singers mean phonetogram had a significantly higher upper contour than female nonsingers. When reading at various voice levels female singers produced markedly higher mean equivalent sound pressure levels (Leq) and mean rel

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activities of the antidepressants venlafaxine (VEN) and citalopram (CIT) were investigated in the portacaval shunted (PCS) rat, a model of chronic hepatic encephalopathy (HE), and normal/control rats. The levels of VEN in serum and brain were higher in PCS rats than in controls after a single injection and chronic treatment with VEN (10 mg/kg). After reducing th

Renewable energy sources dominated the world energy supply until the beginning of the 20th century, when fossil energy became the dominant energy source worldwide. Today, fossil fuels contribute to over 80% of world energy supply. But there are two major reasons why fossil energy use has to stop. First, fossil energy is limited and will not last forever. Second, emissions of carbon dioxide change