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Popular Abstract in Swedish Tyfoidfeber är en sjukdom som orsakas av bakterien Salmonella typhi. Denna bakterie, som sprids via vatten eller föda, orsakar buksmärtor, feber och illamående. Om infektionen inte behandlas med antibiotika, kan bakterien sprida sig till blodet och leda till döden. Årligen rapporteras 16 miljoner fall av salmonella i världen och av dessa får ungefär 600 000 dödlig utgånThis study investigates the interaction between dendritic cells (DC) and the Gram negative intracellular bacterium Salmonella typhimurium. Using in vitro and in vivo approaches, the capacity of DC to directly and indirectly present antigens from Salmonella-infected cells, cytokine production by infected DC, and activation of bacteria-specific T cells was analyzed. These studies revealed differenti

This study investigated the changes in the physical activity of Japanese breast cancer survivors during and after the state of emergency declaration (SOED) due to the spread of COVID-19. Participants were survivors of stage I-IIa breast cancer diagnosed between the ages of 18 and 60 years who wore a wearable device (Fitbit Versa) before and after the SOED period. Outcomes included steps per day on

We present rock magnetic and palaeointensity data from Holocene Icelandic lava flows, including historical and pre-historical lavas. Susceptibility versus temperature measurements indicate that the magnetic mineralogy is dominated by primary titanomagnetite that have experienced variable degrees of high-temperature oxidisation. The analyses also demonstrate that virtually all studied samples are t

The size of the anisotropic domains in a lyotropic liquid crystal is estimated using a new protocol for diffusion NMR. Echo attenuation decays are recorded for different durations of the displacement-encoding gradient pulses, while keeping the effective diffusion time and the range of the wave vectors constant. Deviations between the sets of data appear if there are non-Gaussian diffusion processe

Bet-hedging is defined as a strategy that reduces the temporal variance in fitness at the expense of a lowered arithmetic mean fitness. After a few technical points, we will here argue that this definition of bet-hedging is badly suited for models with density- and/or frequency-dependent fitness. A strict interpretation cannot be employed; possibly, a modified definition is necessary.

Excited-state proton transfer has been hypothesized as a mechanism for UV energy dissipation in eumelanin skin pigments. By using time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, we show that the previously proposed, but unresolved, excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) of the eumelanin building block 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) occurs with a time constant of 300 fs in aqu

Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2D) has been applied to beta-carotene in solution to shine new light on the ultrafast energy dissipation network in carotenoids. The ability of 2D to relieve spectral congestion provides new experimental grounds for resolving the rise of the excited state absorption signal between 18,000 and 19,000 cm(-1). In this spectral region, the pump-probe signals fro

Side-chain carboxyl and carbonyl groups play a major role in protein interactions and enzyme catalysis. A series of C-13 relaxation experiments is introduced to study the dynamics of carboxyl and carbonyl groups in protein side chains on both fast (sub-ns) and slower (mu s-ms) time scales. This approach is illustrated on the protein calbindin D-9k. Fast dynamics features correlate with hydrogen- a

The influence of counterions and co-ions on the stability and thickness of foam films stabilized by anionic dodecyl sulfate (DS(-)) has been studied in a thin film pressure balance. Particularly, the effect on the properties of foam films of (i) the counterions Li(+), Na(+), and Cs(+) of DS(-) and (ii) monovalent inorganic salts added to sodium dodecyl sulfate solutions is considered. Generally, a

As a post-LOSC legal development, the precautionary principle is nowhere enunciated in the Law of the Sea Convention. Nevertheless, in the thirty years since the LOSC's adoption, the significance of the precautionary principle for marine environmental protection in general and marine resource conservation in particular has been recognised. The language of precaution, the precautionary principle an

Xylose fermentation in yeast has been a target of research for years, yet not all the factors that may affect xylose fermentation perfomance of yeast strains are known. In this study, the mutant S. cerevisiae strain TMB 3400, which has good xylose fermentation properties, was compared with its parental strain to examine the factors behind the improved xylose utilization at protein level. The prote

A model membrane system based on lipid lyotropic phases confined inside the pores of a well-defined scaffold membrane, thereby forming a double-porous membrane structure, is described. The model membrane system is characterized with regard to lipid structure, lipid location, and phase transitions, using small-angle X-ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, and confocal microscopy. The s

The complex structure-activity correlation of the CO oxidation on ruthenium has been studied in a batch reactor by using in situ surface X-ray diffraction (SXRD) and on-line mass spectrometry. Two distinct active phases are identified at higher pressures in the mbar range depending on the reaction conditions: a non-oxidic phase and a RuO2(1 1 0) layer of variable thickness ranging from 1.5 nm to 1

This paper focuses on the issue plasticity within the framework of a micromechanical model for single-crystal shape-memory alloys. As a first step towards a complete micromechanical formulation of such models, we work with classical J(2)-von Mises-type plasticity for simplicity. The modeling of martensitic phase transitions is based on the concept of energy relaxation (quasiconvexification) in con