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Den svenska aktiebolagsrätten ger upphov till ett antal intressekonflikter mellan olika parter. En av dessa intressekonflikter är mellan aktieägarna och företagsledningen, där företagsledningen kan ha incitament att driva företaget på ett sätt som strider mot aktieägarnas bästa intresse. Kompe-tensfördelningen i aktiebolag är uppställt på så sätt att ägandet och kontrol-len för aktiebolaget kan i Swedish company law gives rise to several conflicts of interests between different parties. One of the conflicts of interest is between shareholders and the company management, where the latter may have incentives to run the company in a way that does not align with the best interests of the shareholders. The distribution of decision-making powers in the company is also set up in such way that own

I uppsatsen granskas Europakonventionen i syfte att undersöka om det kan finnas positiva materiella skyldigheter kopplade till klimatförändringar samt rätten till liv och hälsa uttryckta i artikel 2 och 8 i konventionen. Den börjar med att sammanställa hur en positiv materiell skyldighet kopplad till Europakonventionen uppkommer. Slutsatsen är att det krävs ett hot om kränkning av rätten till liv This thesis examines the ECHR with the aim of exploring the possible existence of positive substantive obligations connected to climate change and pertaining to the right to life and right to health as expressed in article 2 and 8 of the Convention. It departs by compiling how a positive substantive obligation is found in the ECHR system. It concludes that there must be a threat of harm to the rig

En leverantör som upplever att den upphandlande myndigheten har gjort avsteg från föreskrifterna i upphandlingsdokumenten och/eller från det upphandlingsrättsliga regelverket, har en vidsträckt möjlighet att ansöka om överprövning av upphandlingen. Under de senaste åren har dock en rad åtgärder vidtagits i syfte att göra den svenska överprövningsprocessen mer effektiv och förutsebar. Bland annat hA tenderer who feels that the contracting authority has deviated from the specifications in the procurement documents and/or is in breach of the procurement legislation, has a vast opportunity to apply for a review procedure. However, during the last couple of years, several actions have been taken with the aim of making the Swedish review procedure more efficient and predictable. For instance, re

Sammanfattning Det är ett vanligt fenomen att webbplatser använder sig av cookies för att samla in information, vilken sedan säljs vidare till tredje part i marknadsföringssyfte. Denna teknik fungerar oberoende den fysiska personens geografiska placering i världen. Förfarandet väcker frågor om personlig integritet och individens möjligheter till skydd i ljuset av teknikutvecklingen. FramställningeIt is a common phenomenon that websites use cookies in order to collect information, which thereafter is being sold to a third party for marketing purposes. This technique works regardless of the natural person's geographical location in the world. The process raises issues in relation to privacy protection and the individual's protection in light of the technological development. The purp

Today there is a high focus on the energy use when constructing new buildings. This mainly depends on the increased regulations and energy classifications that have been issued. Because of this, studies have shown that mechanical cooling in office environments leads to high energy consumption and service costs. This has led to an increased interest in analyzing if cooling only through ventilation

Renewable energy is gaining increasing importance in the generation of power due to the finite existence of fossil fuels and concerns about climate change. As its demand grows financial interest from investors’ increases, thus it is important to find the most effective way of quantifying the risk of the renewable energy market. Furthermore as renewable energy can be viewed as an economic substitut

In Action 13 of the OECD/G20 Base erosion and profit shifting project, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) re-examines transfer pricing documentation requirements and updates Chapter V of the Transfer pricing guidelines. Action 13 recommends a new three-tiered transfer pricing documentation structure that includes a master file, a local file, and a country-by-country

There are currently numerous web services that provide the user with the opportunity to download geodata. These services are often different regarding what type of data they provide and the way they distribute the data. Another aspect that differs between these services is if the download of geodata is free of charge (open) or subject to a fee. There is currently a trend in the society striving to

Dispositionsprincipen inom avtalsrätten ger som huvudregel var och en rätt att fritt bestämma över avtalsfrågor så som om avtal ska ingås, vem avtalet ska ingås med och vad avtalet ska innehålla. Inom den rätten ligger även att avgöra hur en framtida tvist dem emellan ska lösas. Avtalsfriheten är dock inte absolut. Den begränsas av ett olika hänsynstaganden, skapade som skyddsregler för svaga partThe principle of freedom of contract gives, as a rule, everyone the right to freely decide over contract issues such as, that agreements are to be concluded, whom the contract is to be concluded with, and what the contract should contain. Within the principle is also to determine how a future dispute between them will be resolved. Contractual freedom is not absolute. It is limited by a variety of

This study has focused on challenges encountered when setting up a weather-network for agricultural purposes (e.g. linking temperature to the suitability of crops and pest incidence) with only low-cost sensors and materials. The study included a set of experiments in a meteorological station and a one-month period of observations in a large coffee plantation with a complex terrain in Costa Rica. T

Uttrycket "fastighetspaketeringar" avser ett förfarande där en fastighet inför en kommande försäljning ”förpackas” in i ett helägt dotterbolag vartefter andelarna i dotterbolaget avyttras till en extern köpare. Genom att nyttja olika delar av lagstiftningen kan både säljaren och köparen undvika beskattningskonsekvenser. I förarbetena identifierade lagstiftaren möjligheten att paketera vä“Packaging of properties” (Sw: paketeringar av fastigheter) refers to a procedure frequently used instead of a regular property transfer when a real estate is to be sold. The real estate is first transferred to a newly established and fully owned subsidiary. Later, the shares in the subsidiary are sold to the external buyer. By using different parts of the tax legislation this method can allow bot

Dagens globaliserade värld med snart sagt obegränsade möjligheter att agera snart sagt var som helst i världen har lett till att internprissättnings-frågorna har blivit allt mer essentiella för såväl internationella bolag i in-tressegemenskap som skattemyndigheter. Prissättningen av varor och tjänster mellan bolag i intressegemenskap er-bjuder stora möjligheter att avvika från vad bolag på en konThe global world of today with almost unlimited possibilities to act any- where in the world has led to a situation where transfer pricing has be- come essential to both multinational associated enterprises and tax admin-istrations. The pricing of goods and services between associated companies offers a lot of opportunities to diverge materially from what companies operating in a competitive and

Ecosystem modelling is an always evolving science trying to catch the complexity of the nature and its principles to model environmental responses in a realistic way. Over and over, models try to introduce more variables and interactions to achieve better representations of phenomena of interest like the responses of the ecosystem to a fast changing world (climate change, land use change). LPJ-GUE

The goal of this research is to investigate how the use of provocative place branding, by companies, influences audience engagement with national identity, from a sensemaking perspective. The study specifically investigates how audiences, in the case of residents of Denmark, make sense of provocative content and how it influences their sense of place and national identity. The answered research qu

What happens when open, informal spaces disappear – and specifically, what happens when these spaces disappear in a city that used to be full of them? My project is rooted in two things. The first is the highly debated ”Amazon Tower” in Friedrichshain, and the polarized urban conditions around it. The second is my love for Berlin. Berlin has always been a city in flux. However, the latest round

The Swedish labour movement archives are an early example of community archives. Despite this, they have never been examined as such before. This study aims to examine how the labour movement archives functions as community archives, and how that function has changed over time. Since the first labour movement archive opened in Stockholm in 1903, and the subsequent archives opened in smaller Swedis

Unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) operating in uneven and unstructured terrain are often limited by fixed sensor mounting, which can reduce mapping quality, situational awareness, and sensor performance when the vehicle body experiences pitch, roll, and vertical motion. This thesis presents the development of a compact four-degree-of-freedom (4-DOF) gimbal prototype for a terrain-mapping module on a

Plastic material poses significant threats to the environment, both due to their fossil-based origins and contribution to littering the environment. This master's thesis conducts a thorough investigation into Bhutan's waste management system, with a focus on plastics, aiming to find the most promising alternatives to improve the handling of waste for decreasing environmental issues and cre

One of the issues of modern cities is their urban design which is not structured to allow human interaction and promote a feeling of community within their inhabitants. The constant growth and shortages of land are cause to the global housing crisis which requires densification. In the current capitalistic context, urban design becomes just another pawn of this profit making machine, causing gentr

Den ökade användningen av artificiell intelligens inom sjukvården väcker flera rättsliga frågor. En av dessa är hur patientskadeersättning ska hanteras vid patientskador orsakade av AI-baserade medicintekniska produkter (MTP), exempelvis när dessa används för att analysera mammografibilder. Även om AI-tekniken visat på god förmåga att identifiera tecken på bröstcancer är det oundvikligt att fel nåThe increasing use of artificial intelligence in healthcare raises several legal issues. One of those is how patient injury compensation should be handled in case of patient injuries caused by AI-based medical devices (MTP), for example, when they are used to analyze mammography images. Although AI technology has demonstrated a satisfactory level of ability to identify signs of breast cancer, erro