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Popular Abstract in Swedish Wilms tumör eller nefroblastom är en njurtumör som drabbar 10-15 barn i Sverige varje år. Majoriteten av dessa är under sex år vid insjuknandet och 10 % av de som drabbas överlever inte sjukdomen. Tumören består oftast av tre stycken cellkomponenter: blastem, epitel och stroma. Dessa komponenter kan finnas av olika mängd i tumören. Om en tumör består av mer än 2/3 av nåThe aim of this thesis has been to establish biomarkers for the blastemal element in Wilms tumour (WT) – the most common paediatric kidney cancer. Blastema is, together with epithelium and stroma, one of the three common histological elements of WT. WTs dominated by blastema after preoperative chemotherapy are classified as high risk tumours. According to the SIOP2001 protocol used in most Europea

In June 2005 the Commission imposed a &euro&semic60 million fine on AstraZeneca for abusing its dominant position. This was followed in December 2005 by the Discussion Paper on the application of Article 82 EC, issued by the Directorate-General for Competition of the European Commission. This thesis discusses the interpretation of Article 82 EC and does this from the perspective of pharmac

The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court was adopted July 17, 1998at the Rome Conference. The Statute entered into force July 1, 2002, after that 60 States had ratified the Statute. The International Criminal Court (ICC) has now established an administration in order to be able to fulfil its mission, its mandate: Affirming that the most serious crimes of concern to the international co

I Sverige gäller principen om den fria bevisprövningen. Förutom ett fåtal undantag och en generell avvisningsregel i 35:7 rättegångsbalken finns det i princip inga begränsningar om vad som får åberopas som bevisning i en domstol i brottmål. Det har heller inte ansetts oförenligt med lag att ta upp och pröva bevisning som åtkommits på ett olagligt sätt. I USA och Kanada förhåller det sig annorlundIn Sweden, the ruling principle on evidence is that it is allowed to admit almost any type of evidence before a court in a criminal case. There is a few exceptions and general exclusion rule in 35:7 rättegångsbalken, which is used mostly when evidence is clearly not needed in the trial. It is considered possible to admit and use evidence that was gathered through a breach of a constitutional right

The presence of informal settlements in large cities of the developing world is a concrete expression of urban poverty. The residents of Brazilian favelas are more likely to be exposed to environmental risks, lower life quality and risks of eviction. Additionally, there is a common generalization of associating favela residents with illegality, criminality and pollution. Using a political ecology

The initiating impetus of this project was a frustration over the en-masse inaction experienced in relation to the climate crisis. Although people are aware of necessary actions few are able to act. This project attempts to understand people’s inability to act whilst looking at ways to counter this apathy through behavioral change. Through research on convenience, human behavior and inaction we a

This thesis is a propositional study, analysing to what extent conventional concepts of urban housing architecture require updating in response to increasingly progressive living patterns developing in Europe. The propositional design is a modular system including permanent housing for short-term accommodation - alongside a trail of public walkways - which inhabits, activates and connects a netwo

Gränsen mellan spel- och tävlingsvinster kan vara svår att dra, men det är ack så viktigt att den dras korrekt. Skatterättsligt skiljer sig nämligen behandlingen av de båda vinstformerna åt markant, där tävlingsvinster som huvudregel beskattas av vinnaren. Spelvinster medför däremot inte någon individbeskattning, utan här får istället arrangören vara den bidragande aktören. Avvägningen mellan spelThe line between gambling and competition wins can be difficult to draw, but it is important that it is drawn correctly. In fact, tax law differs significantly in the treatment of the two forms of profit, where competition winnings are, as a general rule, taxed by the winner. Gambling winnings on the other hand, do not entail any individual taxation. Here, the organizer is instead the contributing

Flyktingkrisen 2015 innebar en ökad invandring till Sverige och i samband med den krävdes en lagreform för att skapa en jämnare fördelning av nyanlända invandrare mellan landets kommuner. Detta resulterade i att bosättningslagen trädde i kraft i mars 2016. Den nya lagen innebär en skyldighet för kommuner att numera efter anvisning av en länsstyrelse årligen ta emot ett antal nyanlända invandrare oThe refugee crisis in 2015 meant increased immigration to Sweden and in conjunction with it, a reform of the legislation was required to create a more even distribution of newly arrived immigrants among the country's municipalities. This resulted in the Housing Act coming into effect in March 2016. The new law stipulates an obligation for municipalities to annually receive a number of newly ar

Gällande entreprenadarbeten torde det vara vanligt förekommande att beställaren påtalar fel som denne vill att entreprenören ska avhjälpa. För att en part ska kunna aktualisera en påföljd vid påstått kontraktsbrott krävs enligt branschavtalet AB 04, precis som enligt allmän förmögenhetsrätt i övrigt, att en reklamation företas. Syftet med uppsatsen är därför att undersöka hur beställarens påkallanWhen it comes to contract work in the construction sector it is common that the client points out faults that he wants the contractor to rectify. For a party to be able to enforce a sanction in the event of an alleged breach of contract, the branch regulation AB 04 prescribes, just as according to general property law, that a complaint is made. The purpose of the thesis is therefore to investigate

De s.k. fåmansföretagsreglerna i 57 kap. IL syftar till att motverka att aktiva delägare omvandlar arbetsinkomster till lägre beskattade kapitalinkomster. När utomstående passiva delägare äger viss andel av bolaget blir en inkomstomvandling inte längre fördelaktig. I 57 kap. 5 § finns därför en undantagsregel från de särskilda beskattningsreglerna i 57 kap. IL, den s.k. utomståenderegeln. Om incitThe 3:12 rules, found in Chapter 57 of the Swedish Income Tax Act (1999:1229), consists of special tax rules which apply to active owners in closely held corporations (fåmansföretag). The rules aim to prevent active owners from transforming salary income into lower taxed capital income. If passive owners have an ownership of at least 30 % of the shares, income shifting is no longer beneficial. The

Sammanfattning Denna uppsats kommer främst att behandla i vilken mån upphovsmän skyddas efter att de genom avtal överlåtit sin upphovsrätt till någon annan. För att upphovsmän ska kunna dra nytta av sina verk måste de i flesta fallen överlåta sin upphovsrätt till verket till ett förvärvare, oftast ett företag som senare utnyttjar och exploaterar dessa. Upphovsmannen har ett starkt skydd för sina Summary This essay will go thorough and discuss what kind of protection authors in the digital single market are given when they by contract transfer their copyright to someone else. In most cases, an author must first transfer it to another user in order to make use of or gain from his or her copyright. More often than not this user is some form of company that exploits the copyright. In Swedish

Sverige är det enda land, bland med Sverige jämförbara länder, som inte har ett krav på tillräknelighet för att en person ska kunna dömas för brott. Med tillräknelighet menas att personen ska ha haft en grundläggande förmåga att förstå innebörden av sina handlingar, en slags ansvarsförmåga. En diskussion om ett införande av ett sådant krav har dock länge förts och tre statliga utredningar harSweden is the only country, among comparable countries, whose criminal legislation does not include a requirement of accountability, also known as an insanity defence. The meaning of the requirement of accountability is that a person must have had a fundamental understanding of the meaning of their actions to be evicted of a crime. An introduction of such a requirement has, however, been under

The term self-determination is embedded in much difficulty. It is a term whose meaning has developed considerably from its first intended usage. Today, in a world that is in several respects becoming smaller and more conformed, certain peoples claim rights they have previously not been granted in order to protect their subsistence and preserve their culture. The Sami is one of these peoples. This

The purpose of this study was to identify if and how the personal perspectives and views of social workers active within local social services departments in Sweden might affect how they carry out the transfer of children’s custody from biological to foster parents. The general discourse in child welfare in Sweden gives predominance to a family preservation perspective in which foster care placeme

Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning: Sahel kallas området i Afrika som sträcker sig från Atlanten i väst till Röda havet i öst och utgör gränsen mellan Saharas öken i norr och de fuktigare tropiska områdena längre söderut. Området är torrt och nederbörden faller oregelbundet. Under 1970- och 1980-talet drabbades området av svår torka med svält som följd. Studier visar att en ökad mängd nederbörd deSahel is the southern fringe of the Sahara desert. It is an arid region with erratic precipitation. During the 1970s and 1980s Sahel was afflicted with severe droughts and famine disasters. Since the 1970s there has been a debate concerning the concept of land degradation and desertification in Sahel. Recent findings suggest a positive trend in Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), estima

The purpose of this study was to examine if women's career was affected by becoming a mother after 35 years old. It was also our intention to discover if it was an intentional or an unintentional choice to postpone giving birth just for the sake of the career. We have read articles that are implying that women´s career possibilities, combined with children, is difficult and of current interest

OBJECTIVE To estimate the causal association between intake of dairy products and incident type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The analysis included 21,820 European individuals (9,686 diabetes cases) of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct case-cohort study. Participants were genotyped, a

Background: Hypoxia and large tumor volumes are negative prognostic factors for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) treated with radiation therapy (RT). PET-scanning with specific hypoxia-tracers (hypoxia-PET) can be used to non-invasively assess hypoxic tumor volume. Primary tumor volume is readily available for patients undergoing RT. However, the relationship between hyp

Background & Aims Predniso(lo)ne, alone or in combination with azathioprine, is the standard-of-care (SOC) therapy for autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). However, the SOC therapy is poorly tolerated or does not control disease activity in up to 20% of patients. We assessed the efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and tacrolimus as second-line therapy for patients with AIH. Methods We performed a r