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Fildelning innebär bland annat nedladdning och tillgängliggörande av upphovsrättsligt skyddade verk på internet. Detta orsakar ekonomiska förluster för rättighetsinnehavarna till verken. För att komma tillrätta med det utbredda fildelningsproblemet har rättighetsinnehavare börjat rikta ersättningsanspråk mot enskilda abonnenter. Detta bland annat genom att utsända förlikningserbjudanden i Sverige File sharing means, among other things, downloading and making copyrighted works available on the internet. This causes economic losses to the rights holders of the works. In order to address the widespread file sharing problem, rights holders have begun to claim compensation from individual subscribers. This, among other things, by sending settlement offers to subscribers in Sweden and Denmark. T

The 3D model - an alternative to animal testing in the fight against cancer Cancer is one of the major causes of death worldwide. In Sweden, every third person is expected to be diagnosed with cancer within their lifetime. Researchers are ferociously searching for the cure and other medicines which could help with the disease. However, their methods are flawed since they usually involve animal te

For Tetra Pak to be able to continue its work on minimizing energy usage and waste in its production systems and delivering better solutions for its customers, it is of the utmost importance to understand the products used in the Tetra Pak system. Many of these products are defined as semi-fluid products, which means they can behave like both fluids and solids, depending on the circumstances. Unde

Cooperation in soils can make a huge difference At a first glance, the coexistence of diverse plants in ecosystems seems to be completely harmonious. However, there is a high competence of these organisms for obtaining resources. In this scenario, most of the plants have decided to make a lifetime deal with fungi in order to ensure their development and survival. This symbiotic association is cal

Background: Current consumption levels of animal products (APs) are unsustainable but measures to reduce their consumption are lacking. Simultaneously, APs are widely perceived as healthy which hinders their substitution with other foods. The AP-industry might influence AP consumption as they have the necessary financial means, the interest and the organizational capacity. Objective: To investiga

Responsibility to protect är en princip som presenterades kring millennieskiftet av den internationella kommissionen för interventioner och statssuveränitet. Kommissionen skapades i syfte att utveckla ett sätt att skydda medborgare som utsattes för grova och systematiska brott och då värdstaten inte ville eller kunde stoppa dessa. Utgångspunkten för R2P är att det primära ansvaret ligger på värdstResponsibility to protect is a principle developed in order to try to protect citizens from atrocious and systematic crimes when a host state does not want to or does not have the possibility to do so themselves, and was first mentioned by the International Commission for Intervention and State Sovereignty in 2001. R2P is based on the idea that each individual state has a responsibility to protect

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent arrhythmia, increasing with each year. AF is characterized by periods of rapid and irregular beating of the heart and increases the risk of stroke and heart failure. The disease often originates from ectopic beats generated by the pulmonary veins, activating the atria, creating short periods of AF. Without treatment the disease evolves, remodels the a

LSS stadgar rätten till insatser för vissa personer med funktionsnedsättning. Den enskilde ska genom insatserna få möjlighet att kunna leva som andra och tillförsäkras goda levnadsvillkor. En av dessa insatser är personlig assistans som innebär ett personligt utformat stöd för personer med stora och varaktiga funktionshinder. Bedömningen av rätten till insatsen är baserad på tid som fattningen av The Act on Support and Service for Person with Certain Functional Impairments (hereafter LSS) is an entitlement law. Individuals that meet the criteria specified by the act are entitled to measures pursuant to LSS. The measures pursuant to LSS shall guarantee good living conditions and the objective of LSS is to give the individual the opportunity to live like others. One of these measures pursuan

Targeting TB: Scope of Anti-Mycobacterial Compounds Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be one of the leading cause of death until today. The disease has persisted since antiquity and remains a concern despite the advancement in its treatment. The main problem arises from antibiotic resistance developed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the complex nature of the bacteria which has developed mechanisms

Stellar lithium abundances can help answer multiple unanswered questions within modern astrophysics. Lithium is fragile in comparison to other elements found in stellar atmospheres. Consequently, its abundance within the stellar atmosphere is depleted by different processes. Studying these lithium abundances gives insight into the evolution of the stars and the processes within their interiors. Th

I Sverige regleras idag tryck- och yttrandefrihetsrätten genom tre av landets fyra grundlagar, främst Tryckfrihetsförordningen (TF) och Yttrandefrihetsgrundlagen (YGL), men övergripande bestämmelser finns även i Regeringsformen (RF). TF och YGL är mycket detaljerat utformade samt teknikbundna, vilket innebär att dess bestämmelser ger ett särskilt skydd åt de yttranden som görs via ett medium. GrunThe Swedish liberty of the press and freedom of speech is regulated by three of the country's four constitutions, mainly the Freedom of the Press Act (TF) and the Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression (YGL), but overall rules are also regulated in the Instrument of Government (RF). TF and YGL are very detailed formulated and also technology bound (”teknikbundna”), meaning that its provision

The use of electronic devices which radiate high power electromagnetic waves has seen a significant increase in the last 20 years. These radiated signals heavily effects electronic devices close to strong radio frequency (RF) or microwave (MW) transmitters . Mobile phones are a good example among electronic devices which cause signal interference in hearing instruments (HI). Changing the design o

Persondosimetri för vårdpersonal, som i sitt yrke exponeras för joniserande strålning, är ständigt ett hett ämne och under konstant utveckling. Stråldosen mäts och registreras för att uppfylla riktlinjer och lagar, som syftar till att hålla personal säkra vid arbete med joniserande strålning. Det finns en rad olika sätt att mäta stråldoser till en människa. För att effektivt uppskatta och mäta strWithin the field of medical radiation protection, radiation safety and personal dosimetry, there is a constant pursuit for improving existing methods and evaluating new approaches for measuring and quantifying the radiation doses that hospital staff may be exposed to in their clinical work. There are numerous ways of determining what doses the staff are being exposed to and the most commonly used

Governments around the world have begun to adopt measures in support of electric vehicles. The supply push policies have been traditionally studied leaving the demand side innovation policy without much investigation. Therefore, policy makers lack institutional knowledge and policy experience. The demand side innovation policies have always been part of the public policy decisions but not part of

Individspecifik bildanalys och beräkningsmodell av läkande hälsena Hälsenan är den största senan i kroppen och hälseneruptur är en av de vanligaste sen- skadorna. Efter en ruptur läker senan med en ärrad vävnad och återfår inte sin intakta struktur. Detta innebär en stor risk för att hälsenan inte återfår sin funktion. I dagsläget brister kunskapen om vilken behandlings-metod som återställer hälsAchilles tendon rupture is becoming more prevalent with an increasing population of middle aged people participating in recreational sports. A torn Achilles tendon will likely not regain its original function, and it is unknown what treatment options are optimal. The Achilles tendon structure and how the tendon heals after a rupture varies between humans. A potentially useful tool in understanding

Anthropogenic climate change has increased the frequency of extreme drought events and leads to “hotter” droughts. Topography controls plant available water and site-specific climatic conditions. Drought sensitivity may therefore vary over short distances between wet and dry locations of the landscape. However, topography is rarely included as a factor in research investigating vegetation dynamics

Forests’ high importance due to the ecosystem services they supply is undisputed. The mitigation of climate change through net uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (carbon sinks) is one of them and the biodiversity hosted by a forest is an important underpinning of its functioning and may help promote the resilience of forest ecosystem services to future change. Uneven-aged forests general

The 83 million year old family tree of burnet moths To classify the living world around them, early on humans started naming plants and animals in order to distinguish food from non-food, predator from prey, etc. In 1800s a practice of a more formal way of classifying the living world was started, in which using Latin names made the classification universal. The unique appearances were used to di

Det framgår av 7 § LAS att en uppsägning måste vara sakligt grundad. Vad som utgör saklig grund för uppsägning finns inte närmare angett i lag mer än att en uppsägning inte är sakligt grundad om det är skäligt att arbetsgivaren erbjuder arbetstagaren annat arbete hos sig, 7 § 2 st. LAS. Arbetsgivarens omplaceringsskyldighet gäller både vid uppsägningar på grund av personliga skäl och uppsägningar For a dismissal to be lawful it must fulfil the just cause requirement stipulated in Section 7 of LAS. The just cause requirement is not defined in neither LAS nor any other statute. Section 7 of LAS only explains that just cause will not be found if it is reasonable to demand that the employer provides the employee with different work tasks or transfers the employee to some other available positi

I april 2019 utfärdades direktiv 2019/790, mer känt som DSM-direktivet. Art. 17 i direktivet riktar sig mot leverantörer av delningsplattformar: stora digitala plattformar där användare laddar upp och delar upphovsrättsligt material, ofta utan tillstånd från rättighetshavarna. Art. 17 gör delningsplattformsleverantörerna ansvariga för användarnas upphovsrättsintrång om de inte erhåller rättighetshIn April 2019, the EU issued directive 2019/790, better known as the DSM Directive. Art. 17 of this directive applies to online providers of content sharing platforms: large, digital platforms, where the users upload and share copyright protected content, often without the rightsholder’s permission. Art. 17 DSM Directive holds the platform providers liable for the users’ copyright infringements, u