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Collective motion occurs when individuals use social interaction rules to respond to the movements and positions of their neighbors. How readily these social decisions are shaped by selection remains unknown. Through artificial selection on fish (guppies, Poecilia reticulata) for increased group polarization, we demonstrate rapid evolution in how individuals use social interaction rules. Within on
Objective: To discover a possible absorption and/or secretion of enterostatin into the circulating blood, as well as to compare the levels of circulating enterostatin after high-fat feeding and low-fat feeding. Research Methods and Procedures: Using a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, plasma enterostatin levels were determined after feeding a high-fat, a high-fat/sucrose, or a low-fat me
Experiments were done to examine the phototrophic response of sun-tracking leaves of Lupinus succulentus Dougl. to fixed beams of white and broad band light. Upon irradiation with 15 W m-2 white light that struck the laminae at an angle of 45°, there was a 45–60 min lag period prior to leaf movement. The greatest rate of movement was 15° h-1, and reorientation ceased when leaves attained a positio
We have performed investigations to see if the emergent macrophyte Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. exhibits phenotypic plasticity as a response to water depth and if such responses in biomass allocation pattern and morphology are functional responses, improving the performance of the plant. In greenhouse experiments plants were grown in deep or shallow water to evaluate plastic respons
Variation in transpiration and conductance between individual trees of Scots pine and Norway spruce was investigated in a mixed 50-year-old stand in central Sweden. Daily transpiration rates were measured by the tissue heat balance method on five trees of each species during a dry, warm growing season. Daytime averages of sapflow, climatic variables and soil water content were used to fit an empir
While delays in human-robot encounters can harm perceptions of competence, they can also enhance engagement and relatability, making timing a crucial factor in the design of robot behaviors for effective human-robot interaction. Previous research has primarily focused on how robots’ pauses or errors impact perceptions of competence, but it has not adequately addressed the complexity of timing in s
Part of the Northern Hemisphere has experienced widespread autumn cooling during the most recent decades despite overall warming, but how this contrasting temperature change has influenced the ecosystem carbon exchange remains unclear. Here, we show that autumn cooling has occurred over about half of the area north of 25° N since 2004, producing a weak cooling trend over the period 2004–2018. Mult
Microglia cells are the macrophage population within the central nervous system, which acts as the first line of the immune defense. These cells present a high level of heterogeneity among different brain regions regarding morphology, cell density, transcriptomes, and expression of different inflammatory mediators. This region-specific heterogeneity may lead to different neuroinflammatory response
he effect of viscosity on the nasal absorption and biological response to desmopressin was studied in humans. Nasal solutions of desmopressin with and without the addition of 0.25% (w/v) methylcellulose were administered by a precompression nasal spray pump to 10 volunteers. Plasma levels of desmopressin were assayed by radioimmunoassay and the biological response was measured by determination of
The groin field built at Westhampton, Long Island, NY, in the 1960s and early 1970s has functioned as intended in protecting a once-vulnerable 4.8-km long segment of barrier beach that had experienced repeated breaching. In 1996-1997, a tapered groin transition to the west was created. The tapering included placement of fill in the existing groin compartments and on the adjacent beach. The combine
Statins effectively lower LDL cholesterol levels in large studies and the observed interindividual response variability may be partially explained by genetic variation. Here we perform a pharmacogenetic meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in studies addressing the LDL cholesterol response to statins, including up to 18,596 statin-treated subjects. We validate the most promising
Wind and ocean currents may potentially have important effects on travelling animals, as an animal which does not respond to lateral flow will be drifted from its intended direction of movement. By analysing daily movements of migrating ospreys Pandion haliaetus and marsh harriers Circus aeruginosus, as recorded by satellite telemetry, in relation to global wind data, we showed that these raptors
Forest soil carbon (C) pools may act as sinks for, or sources of, atmospheric carbon dioxide, while nitrogen (N) fertilization may affect the net exchange of C in forest ecosystems. Since all major C and N processes in soil are driven by soil microorganisms, we evaluated the effects of N fertilization on biomass and bacterial and fungal activity in soils from three Norway spruce forests with diffe
Lack of oxygen delivery to the cells results in excessive production of oxygen free radicals in the cells leading to a pathological condition postulated as hypoxia. One of the most crucial transcription factors that can adapt to the fluctuating levels of hypoxia is Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is amongst the common lung diseases majorly caused
Enterprise resource planning systems constitute a big part of the reality for the information system workers and companies who aim to integrate their business processes. For this goal to be achieved, a fit needs to be reached between the ERP and an organization’s structure and processes. One possible choice to achieve this fit is by customizing the ERP system. These organizational structures to wh
Diabetes mellitus is associated with decreased haemodynamic stability and reduced tolerance to hypovolaemia. Compensatory haemodynamic responses during experimental hypovolaemia in type 1 diabetes patients with (DMR+) and without (DMR-) retinopathy as well as healthy controls (C) were studied. Lower body negative pressure created hypovolaemic circulatory stress. Volumetric techniques were used to
The stability of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) brush-modified colloidal silica particles was compared to asymmetric and symmetric PNIPAM brush direct force measurements in the presence of 1, 10, and 500 mM aqueous salt solution of KCl, KNO3, and KSCN between 10 and 45 °C. Dynamic light scattering measurements highlighted subtle variations in the salt-mediated thermoresponse, while atomic fo
