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CD4 tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) are crucial adaptive immune components involved in preventing influenza A virus (IAV) infection. Despite their importance, their physiological role in the upper respiratory tract, the first site of contact with IAV, remains unclear. Here, we find that, after IAV infection, antigen-specific CD4 TRM persist in the nasal tissue (NT) compartment after infection

In most studies on technology change, the analysis of cost reductions of new energy technologies has been narrow and has often neglected essential processes related to the deployment of new technologies, such as photovoltaics (PV). However, in the case of distributed PV systems, other costs than for the PV modules – aka the deployment or balance-of-system costs – are significant. This review study

This chapter examines how international environmental law pertains during and in the transition phase from armed conflict to peace. I argue that environmental treaties have the ability to fill an institutional and a legal gap, particularly in a post-conflict context, which is often characterized of institutional collapse and break down of rule of law. Environmental treaties could therefore be of r

In 2010 the Mozilla Foundation established the Digital Open Badges concept as a virtual incarnation of physical counterparts such as a paper certificate or a youth organisation merit badge. Digital Open Badges offer embedded, verifiable, metadata containing information such as the issuer and award criteria. Open Badges can be used to reward learning, participation or achievement. They can be store

Responsiveness to hypnotic procedures has been related to unusual eye behaviors for centuries. Kallio and collaborators claimed recently that they had found a reliable index for "the hypnotic state" through eye-tracking methods. Whether or not hypnotic responding involves a special state of consciousness has been part of a contentious debate in the field, so the potential validity of their claim w

Using focus group interviews, this paper studies the way young people in Sweden employed social media to discuss and mobilise during the on-going European refugee crisis, with a special focus on peer pressure, social interaction and connective action.In 2015, an unprecedented influx of refugees, predominantly from Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan, entered Europe on foot and in dinghies. The refugee cr

The subgrade is the top surface of a roadbed upon which the pavement structure is constructed. The purpose is to provide a platform for construction of the pavement and to support the pavement without unwanted deflection that would reduce its performance. For those reasons subgrade bearing capacity have to be investigate during the construction process as a quality control, based on the design res

Aim: It has been claimed that supraspinal structures are necessary forthe depression of nocifensive behaviour elicited by acupuncture or acupuncturelike (AL) stimulation. However, nocifensive reflexes in the spinal catwere inhibited for long periods by a mechanism releasing opieids on AL conditioning stimulation of groups II-III muscle afferents (Sj~lund and Eriksson, Neurosci.Lett. S3:264:1979).

The accuracy of the Mg/Ca paleothermometer is contested over the influences of secondary environmental parameters such as salinity and pH. Recent calibrations based on compiled sediment trap and laboratory culture data suggest moderate influences from salinity and pH. Core tops are the best analogues to downcore samples used for paleoceanographic reconstruction with well-constrained environmental

Dual process models of recognition memory assume that memory retrieval can be based on two distinct processes: an assessment of a context-free feeling of familiarity or on the reinstatement of specific context attributes that have been bound together to form a representation of the study episode during encoding (recollection). Recent neurophysiological evidence suggests that familiarity and recoll

Most pastoralists’ in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) are adversely affected by climate-change related shocks such as droughts and livestock diseases. These shocks lead to deterioration of livestock quality and even mass death of herds. This leaves pastoralists vulnerable as they derive most of their food and income needs from livestock, necessitating emergency disaster response and the need to build the

Urban Living Labs (ULL) are considered spaces to facilitate experimentation about sustainability solutions. ULL represent sites that allow different urban actors to design, test and learn from socio-technical innovations. However, despite their recent proliferation in the European policy sphere, the underlying processes through which ULL might be able to generate and diffuse new socio-technical co

One of the key elements in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) is the gas diffusion layer (GDL). The GDL offers mechanical support to the cell and provides the medium for diffusing the reactant gases from the flow plates to the electrolyte enabling the electrochemical reactions, and therefore the energy conversion. At the same time, it has the task of transporting the electrons from the active

Cities are crucial to mitigating climate change and can serve as sites for innovations, providing examples of ways to conduct effective politics in transport, energy and land-use. What does it take to become a model for climate politics? This article argues that a few innovative measures will not suffice. A common vision based on broad legitimacy is crucial to achieving this position. Using a theo

Popular Abstract in Swedish Nivån på arbetsproduktivitet är särskilt betydelsefull i utvecklingsländer där det mesta av byggnadsarbetet utförs manuellt. Tidigare forskning har konstaterat att produktiviteten i byggindustrin är låg och i några fall sjunkande. Bristande produktivitet hos byggnadsarbetarna är en orsak till kostnadsöverskridande och förseningar av byggprojekt. Syfte med detta forskninProductivity of labour is particularly important especially in developing countries where most of the building work is still carried out on manual basis. Previous research has pointed out that productivity in the building industry is low and in some cases declining. Poor productivity of craftsmen is one of the causes of cost and time overruns on building projects. The objective of this research wa

The team behavior literature is ambiguous about the relations between members’ interpersonal processes—task debate and task conflict—and team performance. From a social influence perspective, we show why members’ interpersonal processes determine team performance over time in small groups. Together, over time, dissenting in-group minorities who share information (via debate) with majorities, who s

The nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeats (NBSLRR) belong to one of the largest known families of disease resistance genes that encode resistance proteins (R-protein) against the pathogens of plants. Various defence mechanisms have explained the regulation of plant immunity, but still, we have limited understanding about plant defence against different pathogens. Identification of R-protein

We examined temporal and geographical distribution of Haemoproteus sp. and Plasmodium sp. parasites in Swedish willow warblers, Phylloscopus trochilus. Parasite lineages were detected with molecular methods in 556 birds from 41 sites distributed at distances up to 1,500 km. Two mitochondrial lineages of Haemoproteus sp. were detected, WW1 in 56 birds and WW2 in 75 birds, that differed by 5.2% sequ

Social networks and social support are known contributors to health for people in all ages and may be of particular importance for older age groups (2008). There is a rich research tradition on older people’s social networks and during the last decades researchers have analyzed the meanings of these networks from different perspectives. Already in the early 1970s Granovetter (1973, 2005) put forwa

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay using primers against the hepatitis C core gene has been described [Okamoto et al. (1992a): Journal of General Virology 73:673-679]. Within the two major HCV genotypes 1 and 2, the Okamoto system identifies two subtypes each (1a, 1b and 2a, 2b, respectively). Typing is achieved by a primary PCR with consensus primers followed by a nested PCR with type