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Hur används koldioxidbudgetar för att hushålla med kommunernas kvarstående utsläpp? Det finns endast en begränsad mängd koldioxid kvar att släppa ut om världen ska ha en trolig chans att hålla sig inom Parisavtalets målsättning om en global temperaturökning på 1,5 – 2 °C. Denna mängd finns beräknad av IPCC och benämns i deras rapporter som ”den kvarstående koldioxidbudgeten”. På senare år har detIn recent years it has become increasingly common for Swedish municipalities to calculate local carbon budgets (LCB) that reflects their fair share of the remaining common global carbon budget. The actions can be viewed as an attempt to make a fair contribution in compliance with the Paris Agreement. However, little is known about how Swedish municipalities uses their LCB:s in their daily work and

Ownership is one of the most debated topics in Sweden and is incredibly fragmented. Some believe that constitutional property rights lead to restrictions in democracy, while others believe that constitutional property rights are important for democracy. This raises many follow-up questions, why is the subject so fragmented? Norrköping municipality is located in Östergötland county, the county has

Corona pandemin började som en hälsokris. Det dröjde inte länge förrän krisen även förvandlades till en ekonomisk kris. En kris som drabbat oss alla. Allt från oss människor, till stora företag, internationellt som nationellt. På grund av pandemin och dess ekonomiska konsekvenser för företagen i Sverige, så har regeringen lanserat ett antal olika företagsstöd vars syfte ska vara att lindra de ekThe Corona pandemic began as a health crisis, but it soon also turned into a crisis for the economy. Affecting all layers of society, from individuals to big companies, both nationally and internationally. Because of the pandemic and its economic consequences for businesses in Sweden, the Swedish government introduced a number of support programs aimed at reducing the negative effects on business

Sedan 1800-talet har våra utsläpp av växthusgaser ökat dramatiskt, vilket har fått katastrofala effekter för vårt klimat. Glaciärerna smälter, havsnivåerna stiger och extrema väderhändelser som stormar, översvämningar och värmeböljor blir allt vanligare. Så mycket som 51 % av de globala utsläppen av växthusgaser uppstår vid produktion av kött, mjölk och andra animaliska produkter, vilket innebär aThe municipalities' role in sustainable development is very important and research has shown that municipalities are increasingly working to reduce the climate impact of food, e.g. by reducing meat consumption. The purpose of this study was to examine how the municipalities in the Swedish region Skåne works with decreasing consumption of meat and what problems have occurred in the process. Th

Ensamrätten till ett varumärke är en dynamisk rätt, där skyddsomfånget förändras över tid. Skyddsomfånget avgörs utefter graden av särskiljningsförmåga, vilket innebär ett varumärkes förmåga att särskilja varumärkesinnehavarens varor eller tjänster från andra näringsidkares varor eller tjänster. Vid varumärkesregistrering är särskiljningsförmåga ett absolut krav. Är fallet så att ett varumärke helA trademark right is a dynamic right, where the scope of protection alters over time. The scope of protection is determined according to the degree of distinctiveness, which means the trademark’s ability to distinguishing the goods and services of one trader from the goods and services of another. A trademark must be capable of distinguishing to be registered. If a trademark has completely lost it

The aim of this qualitative study is to define and compare the professional role of school and medical counselors in Sweden. It also addresses the question whether the counselor is a unified profession and if it is established among other professions in the organizations. The analysis is based on interviews with three medical counselors and three school counselors. Theories used in the analysis ar

Following World War Two emigration from Central and Eastern Europe, in particular, has grown in spite of increasingly strict border controls. Given this rise in migration pressure from the East during a strictly regulated period, the 2004 EU enlargement of Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia threatened to transform the migration landsc

An inevitable consequence of the increasingly larger buildings that we see around us is the demand for lighter construction components. Since floor slabs constitute the main part of the overall weight of multistory buildings, reducing their weight is a key step in reducing the overall weight of the construction. Usually this is done by using hollow core slabs or other types of all-concrete so

This thesis studies the American presidential election of 2012 and the phenomena called third party candidates. Third party is a term that refers to all other parties besides the major two in American politics. More specifically the method used is a content analysis and the analyzed material is news articles from 20 American daily newspapers. These third parties rarely get any attention and usuall

Vid en diskussion om nivån på den svenska bolagsskatten är det av stor vikt att avgöra huruvida diskussionen rör den nominella eller den effektiva skattesatsen. Den nominella skattesatsen uppgår till 28 procent och återfinns i 65 kap. 14 § IL. Den effektiva skattesatsen är däremot inte given utan kan i viss utsträckning påverkas, eftersom den bestäms genom att dividera skatt på årets resultat med

The Swedish head of state is a constitutional monarch. 2010 is an election year and in June Crown Princess Victoria will marry her fiancé Daniel Westling. The debate in the media surrounding the form of government and issues related to the monarchy is more relevant than ever. The SOM-institute at Gothenburg University has concluded that the Swedish people’s support for the monarchy relatively str

Offentliga inköp av varor, tjänster och byggentreprenader som görs av statliga och kommunala myndigheter måste föregås av en offentlig upphandling enligt lag (2007:1091) om offentlig upphandling. Leverantören av varan, tjänsten eller byggentreprenaden som anser att en upphandling inte har gått rätt till, kan ansöka om överprövning av en upphandling till allmän förvaltningsdomstol enligt 16 kap. 4 Swedish contracting authorities purchasing public goods, services and public works contracts, are obliged to follow Swedish law on Public Procurement Act (2007:1091). If the procurement has not been correctly performed, an economic operator can apply for a review to the administrative court according to Chapter 16 § 4 in the Swedish law on Public Procurement Act. The regulation is based on Europea

Nationalism and populism are growing phenomenon in a changing Europe. When the concept of the nation-state is questioned or challenged, the political discourses regarding national identity are changing aswell. Since the rapid change in post-communist Central-and Eastern Europe, questions regarding national identity have risen on the region’s political agenda. Nationalists and populists have taken

The theme of this essay is female genital mutilation. The essay pose the question: Can female mutilation be justified? The purpose is to identify the main values in the two argumentation lines for and against the phenomenon. By doing so analyse which of the values that are of highest priority and significance. Health, religion, freedom, justice, moral, culture, tradition, inherence, aesthetic, pol

It is well established that high ambient heat could cause congenital abnormalities resulting in miscarriage or stillbirth among certain species of mammals. However, this has not been systematically studied in real field settings among humans, despite the potential value of such knowledge for estimating the impact of global warming on the human species. This study sought to test the hypothesis that

The uncoupling proteins (UCPs) leak protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, thus uncoupling the proton gradient from ATP synthesis. The main known physiological role for this is heat generation by UCP1 in brown adipose tissue. However, UCPs are also believed to be important for protection against reactive oxygen species, fine-tuning of metabolism and have been suggested to be involved in

Identifying and characterizing young stars in the Solar neighbourhood is essential to find and describe planets in the early stages of their evolution. This work seeks to identify nearby young stars showing a lithium 6708 Å absorption line in the GALAH survey. A robust, data-driven approach is used to search for corresponding templates in the pool of 434 215 measured dwarf spectra in the survey. I

Rural water supplies have traditionally been overshadowed by urban ones. That must now change, as the Sustainable Development Goals calls for water for all. The objective of the paper is to assess the current access to and the perceived water quality in villages with various types of water supply. The survey was carried out during July⁻December 2017 in four villages in central Kazakhstan. Overall,

Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is an apt tool for a total thermodynamic description of self-assembly of atypical amphiphiles such as anionic boron cluster compounds (COSAN) in water. Global fitting of ITC enthalpograms reveals remarkable features that differentiate COSAN from classical amphiphiles: (i) strong enthalpy and weak entropy contribution to the free energy of aggregation, (ii) lo

The discrepancy in societal attitudes toward female genital cosmetic surgery for European women and female genital cutting in primarily African girl children and women raises the following fundamental question. How can it be that extensive genital modifications, including reduction of labial and clitoral tissue, are considered acceptable and perfectly legal in many European countries, while those