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The first paper, Pharmaceutical R&D: a real option approach, considers the process of pharmaceutical R&D analyzed with real option theory. This process is analyzed as an opportunity to research and develop a new pharmaceutical. Contrary to other models using real option analysis I use an option that takes time to exercise. Thus, the important aspect of long R&D processes when developin
Popular Abstract in Swedish Reformationens budskap brukar karakteriseras med hjälp av några "allena": Kristus allena, tron allena, nåden allena och Skriften allena. I denna studie undersöks hur Martin Chemnitz (1522-86) behandlar dessa teman och hur han sätter dem i relation till Augustinus teologi. Martin Chemnitz var en av de mest framstående evangeliska teologerna i generationen efter Martin LuAs a co-author of the Formula of Concord, Martin Chemnitz (1522-86) codified the sola scriptura principle of the Reformation, that the prophetic and apostolic Scriptures are the only rule for all Church doctrine. This principle is clearly expressed in Chemnitz' own theological treatises as well, but in his argumentation one is also confronted with an astonishing number of quotations from the Churc
Popular Abstract in Swedish Affärsklimatet för dagens energimarknad har varit händelserik de senaste två decennierna med introduktaion av den avreglerade elmarknaden och den ökade vikten av miljöfrågor vid design och inköp av energirelaterade anläggningar. Detta har bidragit med krav om nya analyskriterier, vilka inte bara påverkar den tekniska utformningen av komponenter och system, utan även tilThe business climate of the energy market has been eventful over the last two decades, particularly with the introduction of the deregulated electricity market and promotion of environmental issues. This has subsequently lead to new analysis criteria, influencing both technology requirements and production costs. To be able to manage all the questions that have arisen from this the knowledge of th
Innovation issues are increasingly highlighted in public policy, including competition policy. Not only is innovation a major factor behind economic growth in society, it is also increasingly shaping market conditions and affecting market participants’ behaviour. It therefore in various ways influences the legal analysis of markets and market practices. This dissertation examines the legal standa
A search for Higgs boson production in association with a W or Z boson, in the H -> WW* decay channel, is performed with a data sample collected with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in proton-proton collisions at centre-of-mass energies root s = 7 TeV and 8TeV, corresponding to integrated luminosities of 4.5 fb(-1) and 20.3 fb(-1), respectively. The W H production mode is studied in two-lepton and t
PURPOSE: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow limitation which is not fully reversible. Despite the heterogeneity of COPD, its diagnosis and staging is currently based solely on forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)). FEV(1) does not explain the underlying pathophysiology of airflow limitation. The relationship between FEV(1), symptoms and emphysema extent is
The work within this thesis investigates Photodynamic therapy and Fluorescence imaging for therapeutics and visualization of deeply embedded lesions. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cancer treatment modality that can eradicate tumors when light, a photosensible drug and oxygen are present. In recent decades there has been an interest in adapting this modality to deep-seated solid tumors. This req
Frågan om brukarinflytande inom välfärdssektorn har sin grund i de krav på humanisering, demokratisering och maktdelning som höjdes av den ideella brukarrörelsen på 1960- och 70-talet. I dag har tanken om brukarinflytande anammats av det offentliga och de krav på inflytande som tidigare höjdes av en social rörelse utifrån och underifrån, drivs nu politiskt inifrån och uppifrån inom den offentliga The roots of the idea of user involvement within social services can be found in the efforts of the rising service user movement in the 1960s and 70s. Today the concept of “service user involvement” has been adopted by the state and is widespread within political rhetoric’s as well as in human service practices. However, user involvement is known to be an imprecise phenomenon that can take on diff
Bisphosphonates (BP) prevent, reduce, and delay cancer-related skeletal complications in patients, and have substantially decreased the prevalence of such events since their introduction. Today, a broad range of BP with differences in potency, efficacy, dosing, and administration as well as approved indications is available. In addition, results of clinical trials investigating the efficacy of BP
OBJECTIVE. Screening examination for retinopathy of prematurity is distressing and painful. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether a Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program intervention during a retinopathy of prematurity examination results in less adverse behavioral, pain, and stress responses as compared with standard care. METHODS. The first 2 eye exam
Context. Metal-rich globular clusters provide important tracers of the formation of our Galaxy. Moreover, and not less important, they are very important calibrators for the derivation of properties of extra-galactic metal-rich stellar populations. Nonetheless, only a few of the metal-rich globular clusters in the Milky Way have been studied using high-resolution stellar spectra to derive elementa
A joint venture is a business cooperation between undertakings embodied in a seperate legal body with elements more or less resulting in a structural change on the markets involved. It may serve many purposes, such as cost savings, entry into a new geographic market or the carry out of joint research. For the purpose of EC competition law, there are three categories of joint ventures: Full-functio
In the first reading of the Draft Articles on State Responsibility, the ILC adopted Article 19, which made a distinction between two categories of internationally wrongful acts&semic 'delicts' and 'crimes' of states. This article, however, proved to be highly controversial. Consequently, the ILC in the second reading decided to 'decriminalize' state responsibility, i.e.
The Republic of the Marshall Islands is nation consisting of small coral atolls located in Pacific Ocean. It is a nation currently listed as a developing country according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. The Marshall Islands have through history been colonized by Spain, Germany and Japan, and was later during the World War II claimed by the United States. The current
The Common European Framework of reference for languages (CEFR) has, since its publication in 2001, become a key document with respect to the organisation of language teaching and testing in Europe. The six reference levels (A1, A2, B1, B2, C1 and C2) have become widely accepted as the European standard for grading an individual's language proficiency. However, it has been pointed out that the
Popular science Domestic energy consumption depends on the weather conditions, how energy efficient a building is and the price of fuel. There is a direct relationship between domestic energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions with an increase in energy use resulting in an increase in emissions. Domestic energy consumption and CO2 emissions are closely related to a number of factors in
BACKROUND: Pathological tau protein concentrations in CSF are found in both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), but studies on brain tissue have suggested that the tau pathology in AD differs from that in FTD and that the difference may be related to the degree of phosphorylation. As CSF tau protein is increased after stroke, tau may also be implicated in the pathophysiolog
Popular Abstract in Swedish I den här avhandlingen utforskas förhållandet mellan position, funktion och betydelse hos den tyska partikeln ?also? (?alltså?). I den tyska grammatiken har ?also? traditionellt sett klassificerats som ett konjunktionellt adverb eftersom det ensamt kan fylla positionen före det finita verbet i en tysk sats, den så kallade ?Vorfeld?-positionen (?fundamentet?). När ?also?This thesis explores the relationship between the position, function and semantics of the German particle "also" (?so?). Traditionally, "also" is classified as a conjunctional adverb because it can fill the position in front of the finite verb in the German clause, the so-called "Vorfeld" (?pre-field?). In this position, it has a meaning similar to that of a conjunction but a distribution similar
Popular Abstract in Swedish Politiska beslut föranleder ekonomiska agenter att organisera sig i intressegrupper och att agera strategiskt både i ekonomiska beslut och genom lobbyingaktiviteter, för att förbättra den situation som uppstår till följd av politiska beslut. Denna avhandling består av fyra artiklar som behandlar olika former av intressegruppsinflytande under olika institutionella formerPolitics induce economic agents to organise into special interest groups (SIGs) and act strategically to adjust their economic decisions and to conduct rent-seeking activities in order do improve the situation inflicted on them by policy. This thesis examines, in four essays, different forms of SIG influence on public policy in different institutional contexts. The two first essays examine two rel
Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the perceived anxiety, depression, sleeping habits, and participation in social activities in relation to psychotropic drug use among elderly in assisted-living facilities and to identify factors of importance for the use of these drugs. Method: The study had a cross-sectional design and included 93 residents living in old-age homes or in
