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This thesis is a collection of four studies on pronominal anaphora resolution with a focus on first language (L1) attrition and prosody. In Study I, we explored the temporariness of attrition effects on anaphora resolution in L1 Italian speakers who moved to Sweden after puberty (i.e., late bilinguals). An experimental group of 20 late Italian-Swedish bilinguals and a control group of 21 Italian m
The purpose of this PhD thesis work has been to develop optical techniques that can help utility engineers for assessing the state of insulators in service and in a laboratory. The possibilities to use remote laser induced fluorescence for detection and imaging of biological growth such as algae and fungi have been investigated. Reflectance spectroscopy has also been investigated as a technique fo
Background: Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are of important prognostic and predictive value in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+) breast cancer (BC) and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), but their clinical relevance in oestrogen receptor-positive/HER2-negative (ER+/HER2−) remains unknown. The primary study aim was to analyse the prognostic effect of TILs on the B
Background: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common and potentially severe disease. Early identification of severity grade is crucial for the outcome of the patient. For study approaches and comparison of inter-institutional data the AP patients need to be uniformly classified.The aims of this thesis were to investigate the early stratifiation capacity of biomarkers in AP and to assess the morphologic
Vi lever i en tid av snabb vetenskaplig och teknologisk utveckling. För 100 år sedan hade ingen kunnat drömma om de saker som helt har förändrat vår var- dag och hur vi uppfattar omvärlden; datorer, mobiltelefoner, Internet, rymdfart, våra upptäckter om universums barndom och avlägsna galaxer samt vår insyn i kvantfenomenens mikroskopiska värld. Idag står vi på tröskeln till en era formad av nanotWe live in a time of rapid scientific and technological advancement. People liv- ing 100 years ago could never dream of inventions like those having completely changed our way of life, and our perception of the world; computers, mobile phones, the Internet, space travel, unraveling the mysteries of the early universe and distant galaxies, and our insight into the microscopic world of quantum phe-
Popular Abstract in Swedish Förståelse är ett komplext begrepp. Det används dagligdags utan en motsvarande strikt vetenskaplig definition. Avhandlingen strävar efter att fånga olika aspekter av detta begrepp. Tesen är att förstå handlar om att se ett mönster, i betydelsen att man kan "se" strukturen i en uppgift, en princip eller ett problem. Att se ett mönster innebär också att man uppmärksammar The thesis proposes that understanding is a matter of experiencing a pattern. To experience a pattern involves seeing how a task, principle, or problem space is structured; to attend to the relevant information; and to be able to use that information as it relates to the knowledge domain at hand. The every day concept of understanding, which is a term used in many ways is discussed and it is explo
We present the results of 3D high-resolution calculations of the last inspiral stages and the final coalescence of neutron star binary systems. The equations of hydrodynamics are solved using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method with up to 106 particles. Using Newtonian gravity, but adding the forces emerging from the emission of gravitational waves, we focus on the impact of microphysics on
Popular Abstract in Swedish När främmande fettlösliga ämnen som miljögifter (ex. PCB och dioxin) hamnar inuti kroppen bearbetas de ofta av det så kallade biotransformations-systemet. När inte levern och njurarna direkt kan utsöndra de främmande molekylerna får enzymer ändra de oönskade ämnenas kemiska sammansättning. Detta görs genom att ändra molekylernas kemiska egenskaper så att de blir vattenlIn vertebrates, studies of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) have been of particular interest due to its direct involvement in the toxic effects exerted by several environmental pollutants, such as PCB and dioxin. After binding to the toxic molecule, this receptor initiates transcription of several genes that are part of the biotransformation battery but most notably the cytochrome P450 (CYP) ge
Background: Whether and how n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are related to type 2 diabetes (T2D) is debated. Objectively measured plasma PUFAs can help to clarify these associations. Methods and Findings: Plasma phospholipid PUFAs were measured by gas chromatography among 12,132 incident T2D cases and 15,919 subcohort participants in the European Prospective Investigation into Canc
In search of more environmentally friendly polymer materials, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have been considered as promising candidates. PHAs exhibit a broad range of material properties, can be produced from renewable resources and are completely biodegradable. Nevertheless, high production costs associated with traditional PHA production based on fermentation by pure microbial cultures have so f
The impact of cytogenetic findings in AML was analyzed in the large population-based Swedish AML registry. Karyotypic patterns differed by age: t(8;21), inv(16) and t(11q23) were more common in younger patients, whereas loss of 5q, 7q and 17p, monosomal karyotype (MK) and complex karyotype (CK) were more common in older patients. Patients with ≥5 chromosome abnormalities had worse overall survival
Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women worldwide and the fourth leading cause of cancer death. In Western countries, it is the 10th most common cause of cancer death. Cervical cancer often affects young women (< 40 years) who have not finished childbearing. Robot assistance is the latest development in laparoscopic surgery. There is one robot commercially available for gynecologi
Popular Abstract in Swedish Mögel i byggnader är ett vanligt problem som kan orsaka en dålig innemiljö och påverka hälsan hos de personer som vistas i byggnaden. Kostnaderna för att åtgärda problemen kan vara omfattande. Att redan vid planeringsstadiet av en byggnad ta hänsyn till risker för mögelväxt kan leda till minskat antal mögelskador i framtiden och ett mer hållbart byggande. Mögelväxt är The susceptibility to mould growth varies between building materials. The factors that most affect mould growth, the relative humidity (RH) and temperature also vary in different parts of buildings. One way of preventing the growth of mould in buildings is therefore to choose building materials that can withstand the expected conditions. It is thus crucial that data are available to allow the corr
Svenska myndigheter upphandlade år 2012 för mångmiljardbelopp. Att använda offentlig upphandling som ett sätt att effektivisera användningen av skattemedel genom att nå samhälleliga mål såsom skäliga villkor för arbetstagare är inte längre så kontroversiellt som det tidigare varit. Det nya EU-rättsliga upphandlingsdirektivet 2014/24/EU öppnar ännu mer än tidigare upp för möjligheten att ta socialaSwedish authorities procured in 2012 for billions of USD. Utilizing public procurement as a way to streamline the use of tax revenue by reaching societal goals such as fair working conditions is no longer as controversial as it previously was. The new public procurement directive 2014/24/EU opens up even more than before for the opportunity to take social and labor considerations in public procure
OECD delivered on October 5th 2015 the BEPS final package consisting of 15 actions intending to address the issues of base erosion and profit shifting. The aim of Action 6 is to prevent treaty abuse, in particular treaty shopping. To achieve this goal, a specific anti- abuse rule, a Limitation- on- Benefit (LOB) rule, will be included in the OECD Model. The LOB rule contains objective tests that t
Internationella adoptioner började att ske efter andra världskriget för att hjälpa föräldralösa barn i krigsdrabbade länder och ökade senare i antal i samband med Vietnamkriget och Koreakriget. Det handlade främst om barnlösa par i Europa och USA som genom adoption ville rädda ett barn från hemländernas fattigdom. Det har dock framkommit att barn blivit illegalt adopterade, det vill säga adoptioneInternational adoption developed after the Second World War as an aid for orphaned children in war-torn countries and later on increased in numbers following the Vietnam War and the Korean War. The majority of adoptions concerned childless couples in Europe and the United States who through adoption wanted to save the child from poverty in its home country. International adoptions have however bee
Surrogatskap är en aktuell och omdebatterad fråga. Varken altruistiska eller kommersiella surrogatskap är tillåtna i Sverige. Surrogatskap är en relativt ny företeelse och diskuterades för första gången på 1980-talet i riksdagen. Till en början var de flesta partier restriktivt inställda och talade om surrogatskap som en främmande och osedlig företeelse. Med åren öppnades det dock upp för en diskuSurrogacy is a current and often debated issue. Neither altruistic nor commercial surrogacy is allowed in Sweden. When surrogacy was first discussed in the 1980s most parties were restrictive and spoke of surrogacy as a foreign and immoral phenomenon. Over the years, however, more parties have opened up for discussing the matter. In SOU 2016: 11, the possibility of surrogacy in Sweden was investi
Gender-based violence survivors have barriers to access to justice around the globe. However, States are responsible for removing those barriers and ensuring that everyone can access needed services and justice without discrimination regardless of their gender, sexual orientation, race, nationality, disability, or age. Turkey is no exception with its international commitments and domestic laws to
Purpose: While the phenomenon of new product development (NPD) and cycle time in general is sufficiently covered in the literature, a clear picture of the NPD length in startups has not been available so far. Simultaneously, the literature emphasizes the entrepreneurial perception and judgment as major factor for the success of a business, but does not specifically refer to the NPD cycle time.
EU-domstolen har behandlat idrottens kommersiella inslag och dess särart i flera rättsfall. I Walrave-målet fastslog domstolen att idrott inte per automatik omfattas av unionsrätten, men att vissa idrottsliga intressen kan vara legitima syften inom unionsrätten. I Bosman-målet utvecklade dom-stolen teorin om idrottens särart och betonade dess sociala betydelse. I Meca-Medina-målet bekräftade domstThe Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has dealt with the commercial elements of sport and its unique nature in several legal cases. In the Walrave case, the Court ruled that sport is not automatically covered by EU law but that particular sporting interests can be legitimate purposes within EU law. In the Bosman case, the Court developed the theory of the unique nature of sport and emp
