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There is a growing scientific consensus that limiting the increase in global average temperature to around 2 C above pre-industrial levels is necessary to avoid unacceptable impact on the climate system. This requires that the developed countries' emissions are radically reduced during the next 40 years. Energy scenario studies provide insights on the societal transitions that might be implied by
Post-consolidation immunotherapy with histamine dihydrochloride and interleukin-2 has been shown to improve leukemia-free survival in acute myeloid leukemia in a phase III trial. For this study, treatment efficacy was determined among 145 trial patients with morphological forms of acute myeloid leukemia as defined by the French-American-British classification. Leukemia-free survival was strongly i
Pion photo production from the nucleon is an important process utilized to understand the structure of the nucleon and the fundamental dynamics of the nucleon system. The neutral pion production has been extensively studied resulting in valuable data sets. However, much less data is available for charged pion photo production at energies below 200 MeV. In order to get a reliable data set for π+, f
The upcoming negotiations on a global Arms Trade Treaty in July, 2012 mark a new development within arms control regimes. This thesis seeks to investigate the prospects and challenges towards the achievement of an Arms Trade Treaty. In doing so, it will adopt an ideational analysis in order to investigate the emergence of norms in small arms and how these have the potential to affect policy outcom
The processes responsible for the formation of Earth's most conspicuous diversity pattern, the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), remain unexplored for many clades in the Tree of Life. Here, we present a densely sampled and dated molecular phylogeny for the most speciose clade of damselflies worldwide (Odonata: Coenagrionoidea) and investigate the role of time, macroevolutionary processes, and
The relationship between the evolutionary dynamics observed in contemporary populations (microevolution) and evolution on timescales of millions of years (macroevolution) has been a topic of considerable debate. Historically, this debate centers on inconsistencies between microevolutionary processes and macroevolutionary patterns. Here, we characterize a striking exception: emerging evidence indic
Apidaecin 1b (Api), the first characterized Type II Proline-rich antimicrobial peptide (PrAMP), is encoded in the honey bee genome. It inhibits bacterial growth by binding in the nascent peptide exit tunnel of the ribosome after the release of the completed protein and trapping the release factors. By genome mining, we have identified 71 PrAMPs encoded in insect genomes as pre-pro-polyproteins. Ha
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Heritable variation is a prerequisite for evolutionary change, but the relevance of genetic constraints on macroevolutionary timescales is debated. By using two datasets on fossil and contemporary taxa, we show that evolutionary divergence among populations, and to a lesser extent among species, increases with microevolutionary evolvability. We evaluate and reject several hypotheses to explain thi
1. Co-flowering plant species often interact through shared pollinators, with effects ranging from positive (facilitation) to negative (competition). It remains unclear how this variation relates to variation in floral density, floral trait distinctiveness, and local environmental conditions. We studied the effect of grazer exclusion, a proposed local management strategy, on pollinator-mediated pl
Changes in land cover, particularly agricultural intensification, are a primary cause of pollinator decline. Decline and isolation can reduce genetic diversity, reducing adaptive potential and unmasking genetic load. Maintenance of functional connectivity in changing landscapes is necessary to ensure persistence, but how land cover impacts genetic diversity and functional connectivity in butterfli
BACKGROUND: Cut-points to define slow walking speed have largely been derived from expert opinion. METHODS: Study participants (13 589 men and 5043 women aged ≥65years) had walking speed (m/s) measured over 4-6 m (mean ± SD: 1.20 ± 0.27 m/s in men and 0.94 ± 0.24 m/s in women.) Mobility limitation was defined as any self-reported difficulty with walking approximately 1/4 mile (prevalence: 12.6% me
A novel S-scheme photocatalytic heterojunction composite nanomaterial is developed by integrating zero-dimensional WO3 quantum dots (WQDs) on two-dimensional ultrathin CdIn2S4 (CIS) nanosheets with the aim of fostering carrier separation, enhancing the performance of carrier interface transport, minimizing carrier distance transport, and achieving effective photocatalytic CO2 reduction. The compos
The evolutionary dynamics of diurnal Aletis moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Sterrhinae) in the Afrotropics have been obscured by their allopatric distributions, significant inter- and intraspecific variation in adult and caterpillar phenotypes, and involvement in complex mimicry systems. Extensive phenotypic disparity, alongside conserved genital morphology and a lack of suitable material for gen
Rates of molecular, phenotypic, and lineage diversification typically scale negatively with time interval of measurement, raising longstanding questions about time-dependency of evolutionary processes. These patterns and their potential meaning have recently re-entered evolutionary discussions. In this Perspective, we revisit the general challenges in interpreting rate–time relationships. Much app
