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The formation of complexes in solutions of oppositely charged polyions has been studied by Monte Carlo simulations. The amount as well as the length, and thus, the absolute charge of one of the polyions have been varied. There is an increasing tendency to form large clusters as the excess of one kind of polyion decreases. When all polyions have the same length, this tendency reaches a maximum near
The nonobese diabetic mouse is highly susceptible not only to diabetes but to several autoimmune diseases, and one might suspect that these are controlled by a shared set of genes. However, based on various gene-segregation experiments, it seems that only a few loci are shared and that each disorder is influenced also by a unique set of genes.
Escherichia coli TolA is a cytoplasmic membrane protein required for outer membrane integrity and the translocation of F-specific filamentous (Ff) bacteriophage DNA. Both phage infection and membrane integrity depend on several TolA interactions, e.g. those of the TolA C-terminal domain (TolAIII). Membrane integrity involves interaction with two host proteins and phage translocation requires direc
Gm allotypes are genetic variants of the immunoglobulin heavy G chains (IGHG) of IgG molecules, coded from chromosome 14q32, characterized by differences in amino acid epitopes of the constant heavy G chains and inherited in the Mendelian manner. Gm allotypes have influence on IgG subclass levels, and serum Gm allotype levels have been given for different Gm genotypes in adults. Four hundred and t
Deficiency of complement components within the classical pathway is associated with increased risk for immune complex disease. However, C2-deficient individuals often have a mild disease and about 50% are healthy. To study the importance of the different components for immune complex clearance, bovine serum albumin (BSA)/anti-BSA complexes were opsonized in human serum and the binding to erythrocy
Src homology 2 (SH2) domains recognize phosphotyrosine (pY)-containing sequences and thereby mediate their association to ligands. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) is a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase, in which mutations cause a hereditary immunodeficiency disease, X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). Mutations have been found in all Btk domains, including SH2, We have analyzed the structural and
Epitopes found on Mucin-1 are differentially expressed on tumour versus normal tissue. Such epitopes have also been shown to have a potential in immunotherapy and tumour detection. The major epitope explored in this context is located within the variable number of tandem repeats. It has however recently been demonstrated that this epitope exists in several sequence variants. The standard sequence
The interactions between molecules of a low molecular weight diblock copolymer of poly(ethylene oxide) (E) and poly(butylene oxide) (B), B8E41, at hydrophobic surfaces were investigated experimentally by using two surface force techniques and ellipsometry. Extended mean-field theory was employed to describe the adsorption of EB diblock copolymers at planar surfaces as well as the forces between su
The interaction behavior of DNA with different types of hydroxylated cationic surfactants has been studied. Attention was directed to how the introduction of hydroxyl substituents at the headgroup of the cationic surfactants affects the compaction of DNA. The DNA-cationic surfactant interaction was investigated at different charge ratios by several methods like UV melting, ethidium bromide exclusi
Mixed polymer-surfactant systems have broad applications, ranging from detergents, paints, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic to biotechnological. A review of the underlying polymer-surfactant association in bulk is given. While ionic surfactants bind broadly to polymers, nonionics only do so if the polymer has a lower polarity and can interact by hydrophobic interactions. Water-soluble polymers, which
Isothermal titration calorimetry is increasingly becoming a common tool for the investigation of surfactant association processes. This can be associated with the development of new, sensitive and easy-to-operate commercial equipment, allied with the advantage of producing simultaneous information on the main thermodynamic parameters associated with the process under investigation. However, a sign
Insertions and deletions of entire codons have recently been discovered as a mechanism by which B cells, in addition to conventional base substitution, evolve the antibodies produced by their immunoglobulin genes. These events frequently seem to involve repetitive sequence motifs in the antibody-encoding genes, and it has been suggested that they occur through polymerase slippage. In order to bett
Upon tissue injury and infection both stressed and dying cells can release proteins that normally reside inside the cells. Some of the released proteins become ligands of various cell surface receptors expressed by local cells and such proteins are denoted damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Binding of some DAMPs to certain cell surface receptors induces signals emanating in the producti
Haemophilus influenzae protein E (PE) is a multifunctional adhesin, involved in direct interactions with lung epithelial cells and host proteins, including plasminogen and the extracellular matrix proteins vitronectin and laminin. We recently crystallized PE and successfully collected X-ray diffraction data to 1.8 Å. Here we solved the structure of a recombinant version of PE and analyzed differen
The Gauss-Lagrange stochastic wave model is known to produce irregular waves with realistic degrees of asymmetry. We present the basic structure of the model and illustrate three of its characteristic properties: front-back asymmetry, particle orbits, and average horseshoe pattern. We also study the effect of a linear filter in a wave energy converting (WEC) system on asymmetry and on average powe
Comparable country profile that describes the evolution and practice of corporate Sustainability and Responsibility (CSR) in Saudi Arabia.
