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Quantitative determination of staphylococcal protein A in plasma is often hampered by the interaction between protein A and immunoglobulins. In human plasma, these interactions may not only involve the non-immune binding to the Fc or Fab regions of Ig but also antigen/antibody interaction by specific antibodies directed against protein A. In this paper we describe a method which can be used to qua
We investigate how a small polar molecule, urea, can act to protect a phospholipid bilayer system against osmotic stress. Osmotic stress can be caused by a dry environment, by freezing, or by exposure to aqueous systems with high osmotic pressure due to solutes like in saline water. A large number of organisms regularly experience osmotic stress, and it is a common response to produce small polar
The aim of this essay is to examine four floor mosaics from private dwellings in Pompeii. These 1st century floor mosaics decorate the fauces of the houses and they all depict watchdogs. The first question to be asked is if there are other common features between the houses that can explain why these house owners chose this figure. The second question is if you can reveal, from the existing knowle
The Rwandan genocide 1994 was a well-planned and ethnic based act that killed approximately 900 000 people. The UN and the colonial powers are getting much attention and are worldly discussed about the failure of interference before and during the genocide. In this study the history of colonial Rwanda will be analyzed and the UN relation will be discussed. This will be done by examining how th
I detta arbete studeras hur word of mouth fungerar i praktiken. Word of mouth är passerande, verbal och informell information. I huvudsak handlar det om rekommendationer men även generell information från en person till en annan. Word of mouth är ett mänskligt fenomen som har funnits sedan urminnes tider då människor är kommunicerande varelser. På senare år har dock fenomenet word of mouth blivit
beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) was found to interact with many group A streptococcal strains. The interaction appeared to require multipoint attachment, since monomeric beta 2m in solution showed no binding, whereas both beta 2m monomers bound to liposomes, and beta 2m in aggregates showed affinity for the bacteria. Aggregated HLA antigens (-A, -B and -C) and aggregated beta 2m exhibited the same
The formation of complexes in solutions of oppositely charged polyions has been studied by Monte Carlo simulations. The amount as well as the length, and thus, the absolute charge of one of the polyions have been varied. There is an increasing tendency to form large clusters as the excess of one kind of polyion decreases. When all polyions have the same length, this tendency reaches a maximum near
The nonobese diabetic mouse is highly susceptible not only to diabetes but to several autoimmune diseases, and one might suspect that these are controlled by a shared set of genes. However, based on various gene-segregation experiments, it seems that only a few loci are shared and that each disorder is influenced also by a unique set of genes.
Escherichia coli TolA is a cytoplasmic membrane protein required for outer membrane integrity and the translocation of F-specific filamentous (Ff) bacteriophage DNA. Both phage infection and membrane integrity depend on several TolA interactions, e.g. those of the TolA C-terminal domain (TolAIII). Membrane integrity involves interaction with two host proteins and phage translocation requires direc
Gm allotypes are genetic variants of the immunoglobulin heavy G chains (IGHG) of IgG molecules, coded from chromosome 14q32, characterized by differences in amino acid epitopes of the constant heavy G chains and inherited in the Mendelian manner. Gm allotypes have influence on IgG subclass levels, and serum Gm allotype levels have been given for different Gm genotypes in adults. Four hundred and t
Deficiency of complement components within the classical pathway is associated with increased risk for immune complex disease. However, C2-deficient individuals often have a mild disease and about 50% are healthy. To study the importance of the different components for immune complex clearance, bovine serum albumin (BSA)/anti-BSA complexes were opsonized in human serum and the binding to erythrocy
Src homology 2 (SH2) domains recognize phosphotyrosine (pY)-containing sequences and thereby mediate their association to ligands. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) is a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase, in which mutations cause a hereditary immunodeficiency disease, X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). Mutations have been found in all Btk domains, including SH2, We have analyzed the structural and
Epitopes found on Mucin-1 are differentially expressed on tumour versus normal tissue. Such epitopes have also been shown to have a potential in immunotherapy and tumour detection. The major epitope explored in this context is located within the variable number of tandem repeats. It has however recently been demonstrated that this epitope exists in several sequence variants. The standard sequence
The interactions between molecules of a low molecular weight diblock copolymer of poly(ethylene oxide) (E) and poly(butylene oxide) (B), B8E41, at hydrophobic surfaces were investigated experimentally by using two surface force techniques and ellipsometry. Extended mean-field theory was employed to describe the adsorption of EB diblock copolymers at planar surfaces as well as the forces between su
The interaction behavior of DNA with different types of hydroxylated cationic surfactants has been studied. Attention was directed to how the introduction of hydroxyl substituents at the headgroup of the cationic surfactants affects the compaction of DNA. The DNA-cationic surfactant interaction was investigated at different charge ratios by several methods like UV melting, ethidium bromide exclusi
