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Mucosal pathogens trigger a local innate host response by activating epithelial cells. Bacterial adherence and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling have been implicated as key events in this process. This study addressed the molecular basis of the epithelial response to gram-negative infection in the human urinary tract. Mucosal biopsies were obtained from kidneys, ureters, and bladders of patien

The Hanseatic League, a late medieval merchant association with roots in northern German towns, is credited with the establishment of extensive economic and geographic connections and considerable impact on the development of urban culture around the Baltic and the North Sea. Its merchants, regularly crossing the Seas and settling in foreign ports, created a network of diasporic communities often

A considerable amount of evidence from several intonation languages (e.g., German, English, Italian) supports the idea that F0 peak timing, height, and shape variables form a feature bundle, which is used to encode two-fold intonational (e.g., sentence-level) pitch accent distinctions such as L+H* vs. L*+H. The three types of features in the bundle can be weighted differently but the outcome seems

Lightweight walls and floors are often designed as frameworks of studs with plates on each side - a double-plate structure. The free wave-modes and periodic wave motion of a double-plate system reinforced by joists are analysed in the present paper (as the insertion loss and impact sound insulation have been studied in previous papers). The free wave-modes can in a future step be used in connectio

Cross-cultural comparable data collected in several Romance and Scandinavian languages with the help of a series of tasks inspired by Fehr and Rusell’s prototype approach to emotions are analyzed from a perspective that goes beyond the interpretation of prototype theory and aligns with the theory-based approaches to categorization (cfr. the seminal paper by Murphy and Medin 1985). Due to space lim

In some patients Escherichia coli strains establish significant bacteriuria without causing symptoms of urinary tract infection (UTI). These asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) strains have been shown to express fewer virulence factors than the uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) strains that cause severe, symptomatic UTI. Paradoxically, ABU strains carry many typical UPEC virulence genes, however, and the mo

In this paper we consider a general problem of astrophysical lasersoperating with optical pumping by accidental resonance (PAR) with strongspontaneous emission lines of other elements. The origin of populationinversion and the coefficient of amplification due to the opticalexcitation of atoms (ions) by a four-level scheme with PAR are analyzed.We elucidate conclusively the question of the manifest

Infection with Trichomonas vaginalis may be asymptomatic or with symptoms suggestive of vaginitis. Because cysteine proteinase 30 (CP30) of T. vaginalis is known to be a virulence marker that plays a role in cytoadherence, the aim of this study was to analyse the presence of CP30 and antibody to CP30 in clinical samples of symptomatic and asymptomatic infected women. CP30 was detected in all the s

Using a choice blindness paradigm, it is possible to switch decisions and outcomes in simple choice tasks. Such switches have been found to carry over into later choices, hypothesized to be mediated by beliefs about earlier decisions. Here we investigated participants’ memories for stimuli in a simple choice blindness task involving preferential choices between pairs of faces. We probed participan

The aims of this study were to determine whether a registered nurse can collect information and plan a holistic and individual strategy for the treatment of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and whether this approach can reduce these patients' health aspects. The referrals of 50 Swedish-speaking female patients aged between 18 and 65 years with the preliminary diagnosis of IBS were coll

Climatic fire danger will likely increase because more droughts and heat-waves are caused by climate change. Climate change can shift fires from occurring only rarely to regularly in ecosystems not until now adapted to fire. We applied dynamic vegetation-fire models to investigate these future responses. The future of fire in Mediterranean-type ecosystems depends strongly on changes in vegetation