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Thermal actions are considered in the design of bridges, as temperature variations can lead to restraint stresses and subsequent cracking. However, load descriptions are in some cases oversimplified or incompatible with modern applications, and background studies are limited. This paper therefore aims to develop a more detailed load description for the load case describing temperature differences
Solar energy is a renewable energy source which in the long term is important to develop because the usage does not effect the environment in a negative way. Increased energy exchange and cheaper production costs for solar collectors and solar cells are main factors in making the solar energy commercially successful in the future. Small scale solar collector systems are most common today because t
In economic and management literature, the relationship between supplier and buyer can be more or less intimate. It can vary from market-driven with a constant change of suppliers to a value-driven relationship with one sole supplier. Purchasing strategies of construction companies have often been described as short-sighted, where price is the most considered aspect. Recent lean management literat
