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The fact that the debate concerning copyright in a digital society has been both intense and filled with polemic conflicts ever since the late 1990s makes it clear that it is a most complicated issue to solve, or even grasp. Basically, both the legal and societal discussion and development are explicitly dependent on a greater understanding of the on-going processes surrounding copyright. This pre

Together with response time the force of responses to stimuli can provide important clues about cognitive and affective processes. However, while there has been much discussion of factors involved in the accurate measurement of response time (RT), key issues and assumptions in assessment of response force (RF) have been far less studied. Here, hierarchical Bayesian analysis is used to examine the

It is common for a system integrator to make use of third party intellectual property (IP) blocks from multiple vendors in the design of a circuit. These IPs may include test features, known as instruments, which are connected to a reconfigurable scan network, such as an IEEE Std. 1687 (IJTAG) network, for efficient on-chip integration and communication.Using third party instruments this way becom

Semiconductors use on-chip components, referred to as instruments, for test, debugging, firmware programming, configuration and other important functions. The instruments are needed to ensure proper device operation, however, they may be exploited by an adversary in an attack. With many different actors involved in semiconductor development and manufacturing, it becomes important to restrict acces

Tool-based code review has been an established software engineering practice for at least a decade. However, while software development environments have improved significantly during this time with advanced features for code comprehension, refactoring, and AI support, code review tools have remained more static and are still centered around a two-way textual diff view with features similar to whe

Probing the internal structure of crystalline materials is vital for understanding and optimizing their functional properties, especially in semiconductors and multiferroics, where nanoscale distortions such as strain and lattice tilt can dramatically affect performance. Among various characterization tools, X-ray diffraction imaging offers a unique combination of deep penetration, nondestructive

Code review is a well-established and valued practice in the software engineering community contributing to both code quality and interpersonal benefits. However, there are challenges in both tools and processes that give rise to misalignments and frustrations. Recent research seeks to address this by automating code review entirely, but we believe that this risks losing the majority of the interp

The excited state dynamics of solvated [Fe(bpy)(CN)4]2-, where bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, show significant sensitivity to the solvent Lewis acidity. Using a combination of optical absorption and X-ray emission transient spectroscopies, we have previously shown that the metal to ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited state of [Fe(bpy)(CN)4]2- has a 19 picosecond lifetime and no discernable contribution

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of most common viral infections worldwide. While chronic HBV infection has been shown consistently to be associated with hepatocellular carcinoma, data on associations with cancers at other sites are limited. In this study a total of 10,197 patients were diagnosed with chronic HBV infection in Sweden, and they were retrieved from the nationwide Swedish Hosp

Despite a few reports of photoluminescent and strongly photo-oxidizing transition metal complexes with a d5 electronic configuration, the photophysics and photochemistry of this class of transition metal complexes have largely remained unexplored. Recent investigations of earth-abundant iron(III) N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes have demonstrated promising photophysical and photochemical pro

Iron-carbene complexes show considerable promise as earth-abundant light-harvesters, and adsorption onto nanostructured TiO2 is a crucial step for developing solar energy applications. Intrinsic electron injection capabilities of such promising FeII N-heterocyclic complexes (Fe-NHC) to TiO2 are calculated here, and found to correlate well with recent experimental findings of highly efficient inter

Background: The kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) has previously been associated with kidney function in rodents and humans. Yet its role as a predictive marker for future decline in kidney function has remained less clear.Methods: At baseline (1991-1994), fasting plasma KIM-1 (p-KIM-1) was measured in 4739 participants of the population-based Malmö Diet and Cancer Study. Creatinine and cystatin C

Ultrafast dynamics of photoinduced charge transfer processes in light-harvesting systems based on Earth-abundant transition metal complexes are of current interest for the development of molecular devices for solar energy conversion applications. A combination of ultrafast spectroscopy and first principles quantum chemical calculations of a recently synthesized iron carbene complex is used to eluc

The iron carbene complex [FeII(btz)3](PF6)2 (where btz = 3,3′-dimethyl-1,1′-bis(p-Tolyl)-4,4′-bis(1,2,3-Triazol-5-ylidene)) has been synthesized, isolated, and characterized as a low-spin ferrous complex. It exhibits strong metal-To-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) absorption bands throughout the visible spectrum, and excitation of these bands gives rise to a 3MLCT state with a 528 ps excited-state l

Background: Lipoprotein(a) concentrations in plasma are associated with cardiovascular risk in the general population. Whether lipoprotein(a) concentrations or LPA genetic variants predict long-term mortality in patients with established coronary heart disease remains less clear. Methods: We obtained data from 3313 patients with established coronary heart disease in the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardi