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The evolution of gonochorism from hermaphroditism can be gradual by increasing investment in one sex role while decreasing in the other, or rapid through the fixation of sex-role sterility mutations, eventually leading to the evolution of sex chromosomes. It is expected that the transition will involve a temporary state of gynodioecy or androdioecy as the mutations are not expected to take place a
Oriented behaviour is present in almost all animals, indicating that it is an ancient feature that has emerged from animal brains hundreds of millions of years ago. Although many complex navigation strategies have been described, each strategy can be broken down into a series of elementary navigational decisions. In each moment in time, an animal has to compare its current heading with its desired
The nanowire geometry is favorable for the growth of ternary semiconductor materials, because the composition and properties can be tuned freely without substrate lattice matching. To achieve precise control of the composition in ternary semiconductor nanowires, a deeper understanding of the growth is required. One unknown aspect of seeded nanowire growth is how the composition of the catalyst nan
How sticky were wages during the Great Depression? Although classic accounts emphasize the importance of nominal rigidity in amplifying deflationary shocks, the evidence is limited. In this paper, I calculate the degree of nominal wage rigidity in the United Kingdom between the wars using new granular data covering millions of wages.I find that nominal wages were more flexible downwards than in mo
The pharmacy market in many European countries is characterised by individually owned pharmacies that operate under tight government control regarding barriers to entry, scope of activities and profit margins. Many countries are, however, in the process of introducing pro-competitive policies, including possibilities to own several pharmacies and competition based on price. In Iceland and Norway,
International law ascribes to the conferral of a jus cogens status on a norm a particular legal significance. Bluntly put, jus cogens norms have legal consequences that norms of ordinary international law do not. International lawyers have a great many different ideas of what these legal consequences are more precisely. As of yet, the reason for this divide has not been fully clarified. This void
A reflection on contemporary Polish-Catholic identity. It starts with ponderings on how a gluing-together of national and religious identity is evident in discourses about the most pressing challenge of the Catholic Church in Poland today: the child abuse scandals. The revelation of these crimes is bound up with the premieres in 2018 and 2019 of the movies Clergy and Tell No One. The reactions gen
Geometrid moths represent one of the largest radiations of Lepidoptera. Phylogenetic analyses based on morphological and molecular data supports the monophyly of this group of moths. However, the subfamilial and tribal compositions of major groups are still unresolved, leading to unstable classifications. In this thesis, I investigate the phylogenetic relationships of higher geometrid taxa with th
Since the terrorist attacks of 9/11, scholars have increasingly turned their attention to the rise and influence of jihadi Salafism. For the most part, though, the focus of this body of work has been on the sociology and activities of organizations such as al-Qaʿeda (AQ) and the Islamic State (IS), with less attention paid to the details of the movements’ ideologies.This, however, should not sugge
The upgrade of the ALICE TPC will allow the experiment to cope with the high interaction rates foreseen for the forthcoming Run 3 and Run 4 at the CERN LHC. In this article, we describe the design of new readout chambers and front-end electronics, which are driven by the goals of the experiment. Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors arranged in stacks containing four GEMs each, and continuous re
Research into repair within the circular economy (CE) typically focuses on technical aspects of design, policy, and markets, and often assumes or implies simplified conditions for the user/owner and the product-system to explain the barriers to scaling repair activities. By integrating life cycle and temporal dimensions (time-sequence) into a broad System of Repairability framework, we demonstrate
Ecodesign policy for energy-using products so far has tended to focus on the energy efficiency requirements, but there is increasing interest in durability requirements as well. This exploratory study analyses whether and when long lifetimes are preferable when considering the trade-offs between durability and other important parameters such as costs and environmental impacts, examining the case o
There are multiple dimensions pertaining to the sustainability of the public pension systems. The old PAYG DB schemes were typically more focused on income adequacy than financial sustainability. The current public pension systems of Austria, Germany, Finland and Sweden are the result of recent reforms undertaken in response to a universal phenomenon. The aging of the population promised to put a
Due to the European financial and sovereign debt crisis occurred in 2008, the decision-makers of the European Union decided to take steps to avoid a further possible turmoil and created a mechanism to ensure the efficiency of financial supervision across the union. This financial integration of Europe is called the banking union. The milestones of the union are: the single rulebook for the capital
Outdoor air pollution is generally recognized as a serious environmental risk factor of premature mortality. The main aim of this thesis is to examine how changes in fine particulate air pollution (PM 2.5 ) account for changes in selected mortality indicators, using empirical evidence from 45 districts in the Czech Republic. Besides the impact on changes in life expectancy, a special emphasis was
