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Background: The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is an important component of the vertebrate immune system and is frequently used to characterise adaptive variation in wild populations due to its co-evolution with pathogens. Passerine birds have an exceptionally diverse MHC with multiple gene copies and large numbers of alleles compared to other avian taxa. The Nesospiza bunting species comp

Innan 1994 fanns ingen lagstadgad rätt till personlig assistans. Efter den s.k. Handikapputredningen år 1989 kom ett lagförslag som utmynnade i Lag (1993:387) om stöd och service till vissa funktionshindrade (LSS). Enligt denna lag skulle de funktionshindrade som hade krävande och omfattande hjälpbehov ha rätt till en personlig assistent. Försäkringskassan blev beslutsmyndighet för att avgöra huruBefore 1994 there was no legal right to a personal assistant in Sweden. After the so-called Handikapputredningen in year 1989, Lag (1993) om stöd och service till vissa funktionshindrade (LSS) was instituted.* According to this law, the disabled people who had exigent and extensive needs would have right to a personal assistant. The Swedish Social Insurance Agency (SSIA) became the agency responsi

Denna uppsats har intentionen att behandla det patentsystemet som reglerar läkemedelsutvecklingen. I uppsatsen har det utretts vad som är skälet bakom patentsystemen. Området är unikt gentemot andra patentsystem på så sätt att den innehåller andra skyddsskäl. Det har ansetts att ett väl utvecklat patentsystem för läkemedel ska ta tillvara på mänsklighetens högst skyddsvärda intresse, nämligen folkThe intention of this essay is to process the patent system and its regulations in the department of pharmaceutical development. An analysis has been made of what the purpose behind the regulation of patents are. This field is unique towards other fields of patent law since it aims to protect different purposes. It has come to the conclusion that a well regulated patent system means to achieve a h

Denna uppsats besvarar frågan om det är rätt att staten tagit sig befogenhet att kriminalisera bruk av vissa droger. Kriminalisering anses vara en synnerligen hård form av kontroll för att styra individens beteende och bör endast användas som sista alternativ. Av detta följer att endast de mest klandervärda gärningarna bör kriminaliseras. Lagstiftaren bör även besvara följande frågor för att strafThis essay answers the question whether it is right or wrong that the state has the authority to criminalize the use of certain drugs. Criminalization is considered a particularly tough form of control to steer the individual's behavior and should only be used as a last resort. Because of this, only the most blameworthy acts should be criminalized. The legislator should also answer the followi

I artikel 1F flyktingkonventionen stadgas ett antal av de så kallade uteslutandeklausulerna från flyktingstatus, vilka utgör undantag från möjligheten att åtnjuta internationellt skydd för personer som uppfyller rekvisiten i flyktingdefinitionen. Artikeln utesluter asylsökande som misstänks för vissa grova brott, såsom krigsförbrytelser och brott mot mänskligheten, om det finns synnerligen anledni

High mountain regions have experienced decreased glacier stability due to varying climate conditions. As glaciers melt, they are being replaced by glacial lakes of different sizes, some of which are prone to outburst flooding, and have caused catastrophic damage to downstream settlements and infrastructure. The study proposes a framework for a first stage hazard assessment of glacial lakes using G

I dagens samhälle kan mycket förklaras med hjälp av fysik, men det finns också väldigt mycket som vi inte kan förklara eller förstår fullt ut. Ett exempel på detta är vår egen galax, Vintergatan. Hur bildades den? Varför ser den ut som den gör? Det finns flera teorier om hur det kan ha gått till, men mycket är ännu oklart för forskare. Teorierna måste testas. I dag består Vintergatan av många olikThe aim of this thesis is to get a better understanding of the evolution of the Milky Way stellar disc by looking at the abundance ratios for neutron-capture elements in thin and thick disc stars. In this project the formation of our Galaxy’s thin and thick disc was studied by analysing 10 different neutron-capture elements in field stars measured by Gaia-ESO. The methodology to determine if this

Åldersdatering innebär att man åldersbestämmer geologiska enheter och processer. Detta görs genom att mäta förhållandet mellan moder- och dotterisotop för radioaktiva grundämnen. Geokronologin är viktig för att kunna återskapa den geologiska historien för en kontinent. Man kan t.ex. erhålla tidsinformation kring när större landmassor bröts upp, genom att t.ex. identifiera och studera stora vulkaniIn recent years, there has been a significant improvement in our ability to determine the ages of extensive short-lived magmatic events (large igneous provinces) dominated by rocks of mafic (silica-poor) compositions. This has been aided by targeting the magmatic feeders to these large igneous provinces (e.g., dykes and sills), which often host trace amounts of datable zirconium minerals such as b

BACKGROUND: Surveys are a common way to measure annoyance due to road traffic noise, but the method has some draw-backs. Survey context, question wording and answer alternatives could affect participation and answers and could have implications when comparing studies and/or performing pooled analyses. The aim of this study was to investigate the difference in annoyance reporting due to road traffi

This thesis covers aspects of the mature human B cell and its different guises on its way to become a fully differentiated antibody forming plasma cell (AFC), the key player in the humoral immune system. The understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms taking place in the B cell, as it first encounters antigen, enters the germinal center (GC) reaction, giving rise to memory cells and plasma c

Popular Abstract in Swedish De generella företeelser som sker i samband med en axonal skada i det perifera nervsystemet (PNS) har tidigare beskrivits i detalj. Däremot är de molekylära mekanismer som ligger bakom celldöd, eller bakom nervcellens förmåga att regenerera efter en axonal skada, ringa studerade. Den här avhandlingen behandlar en sådan molekylär mekanism, JNK-medierad aktivering av c-JuThe events associated with axonal injury in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) have been described in detail. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regenerative response, or neuronal cell death, following axonal injury are poorly understood. This thesis concerns one such molecular mechanism, JNK-mediated c-Jun activation, in peripheral sensory and sympathetic neurons. By immunohistoche

Context: The questions of how many individuals and how much time to use for a single testing task are critical in software verification and validation. In software review and usability evaluation contexts, positive effects of using multiple individuals for a task have been found, but software testing has not been studied from this viewpoint. Objective: We study how adding individuals and imposing

The primary aim of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between coagulation factor level and bleeding frequency during prophylactic treatment of haemophilia after stratification of the patients according to joint scores. The secondary aim was to obtain a systematic overview of the doses of coagulation factors prescribed for prophylaxis at the Malmo haemophilia treatment centre d

Programmatic vaccination and screening are the reasons for this thesis. The practice of public health incorporating medicine’s cognitive contents along with contributions from other fields of human activities is basically a moral enterprise. It is important that limitations from the whole continuum of these interventions are recognized to retain credibility. The changing demands resulting from the

The aim of this thesis is to critically investigate and problematize the Swedish Teacher Unions’ use of the concept of professionalism within the political negotiation of how to ascribe meaning and content to the idea of teacher professionalism within contemporary Swedish education debates. Departing from two recent educational reforms – the certification of teachers and the reformation of teacher

Popular Abstract in Swedish Plasma består av fria elektroner, joner och neutrala partiklar och utgör det fjärde tillståndet av materia där de andra tre är fast-, flytande- och gasfas. Plasma är den vanligast förekommande tillståndet av materia i universum och uppskattas utgöra mer än 99% av universums totala massa. Naturligt förekommande plasma återfinner vi i blixtar, sol vinden, jonosfären och iNon-thermal plasma is regarded as a collection of free electrons, ions and neutral particles that are not at local thermodynamic equilibrium. The high-energetic electrons formed in non-thermal plasmas are capable of generating chemically active species and modifying chemical kinetics in practical applications. One promising application of non-thermal plasmas is to achieve plasma-assisted combustio

The multidrug regimen, cyclosporine, corticosteroids, and azathioprine, is used in transplantation centres to prevent organ rejection. Several clinical studies have shown that cyclosporine and corticosteroids to cause increases in low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, with subsequent development of atherosclerosis. The overall objective of the studies upon which this thesis is based was to in

This thesis comprises ecological, morphological and physiological studies of the carrot psyllid Trioza apicalis (Homoptera: Psylloidea) with particular focus on olfaction. Data from inventories of winter habitats suggest that T. apicalis prefer Picea abies over Pinus sylvestris and Juniperus communis as winter hosts. Their migration range is at least I km, and we found no clear wind-borne pattern

Replacing fossil fuels by biofuels and increasing energy efficiency are often considered to be options for reducing the net emission of greenhouse gases. This thesis presents the results of analyses of energy efficiency, emission and cost of whole energy system chains, from the natural resource to the end user when heating detached houses in a Swedish context. External costs and taxes of the energ

Popular Abstract in Swedish När vi drabbas av infektioner är det immunförsvaret som ser till att de invaderande organismerna oskadliggörs. För att immunförvaret skall veta vilka organismer och celler som skall attackeras måste det kunna skilja på kroppseget och främmande. En del främmande organismer lever antingen i symbios med den egna kroppen eller så utgör de inget hot. Teoretiskt sett är mat kThe immune response is designed to protect the body from harmful microbial invasions. However, when the immune system attacks itself instead, an autoimmune reaction starts that damage our own cells, tissues and organs. Despite decades of research concerning the etiology of autoimmune diseases the molecular mechanisms of these disorders are poorly understood as they are complex and influenced by bo