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Public debt soared in the late-medieval Low Countries: towns borrowed considerable sums from creditors and often ended up defaulting on their financial obligations. The author uses a tax inquiry from 1514 to demonstrate that villages also managed to create funded debt, which they secured on the public body of the village. As a result, around 1500 the majority of the villages in Holland owed annuit

While imaging optically dense media such as atomizing sprays, the multiple light scattering induces image artifacts and blurring effects which limit visibility.Therefore, extracting quantitative spray information such as droplet size and concentration from qualitative images becomes very challenging. However, multiple scattering effects can be efficiently addressed by means of the SLIPI (Structure

Gaia DR1 is based on the first 14 months of Gaia's observations. This is not long enough to reliably disentangle the parallax effect from proper motion. For most sources, therefore, only positions and magnitudes are given. Parallaxes and proper motions were nevertheless obtained for about two million of the brighter stars through the Tycho-Gaia astrometric solution (TGAS), combining the Gaia obser

We discuss a new scenario for the formation of intermediate mass black holes (IMBHs) in dense star clusters. In this scenario, IMBHs are formed as a result of dynamical interactions of hard binaries containing a stellar-mass black hole (BH), with other stars and binaries. We discuss the necessary conditions to initiate the process of intermediate mass BH formation and the influence of an IMBH on t

This chapter analyzes the changing accounts of Dersim from 1937 to 1938 in the dominant state discourse as well as subjugated narratives of the oppressed and argues that Erdoğan’s Dersim ‘apology’ instrumentalized the traumatic history of Dersim and the Dersim community not only to disgrace his rival party CHP and to discredit its Dersimli leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, but also to challenge Kemalism

This policy report focuses on religion-state relations in Georgia and argues that competition between the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Church and the Muslim community have had an impact on state involvement with humanitarian programmes. The Georgian case stands out as the country experienced three waves of internal forced displacement. Each wavehas shown that religious

Background and purpose — There is an ongoing debate regarding the appropriate level of constraint in primary TKA. To provide increased stability and better kinematics, more resembling a natural knee, a medial congruent (MC) tibial insert has been introduced. To investigate potential impact on implant migration, we evaluated the cemented Persona TKA, randomizing between MC and cruciate-retaining (C

The focus of this paper is on aid and relief work after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Thailand. Six provinces in the south of Thailand were hit by the tsunami and the catastrophe is estimated to have altered the lives of more than 50,000 people. A disaster always hits the underprivileged hardest. Many of those who survived the tsunami had lost their homes, families, relatives, and neighbours, a

Conventional views of the police support a norm of emotion management. Aspiring police officers are taught not to show pain or fear and to display an image of control and assertion. If failing to convey such emotions officers might be considered too weak or simply not “man enough” for the job. This is also the case concerning border guarding and border police conduct. This study draws on data gath